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Psych 102 > Chapter 12 - Part 1: Emotion > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Part 1: Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

emotion

A
  • a mix of physiological activation, expressive behaviours, and conscious experiences
  • more than just a feeling - a physiological activation, a behavioural mobilization
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2
Q

functions of our emotions

A
  • enhance survival
  • focus our attention and energize our action
  • strongest when we have strong want/need to avoid or obtain something
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3
Q

6 theories of emotion

A
  • common-sense view
  • James-Lange theory
  • Cannon-Bard theory
  • 2-factor theory
  • Zajonc/Ledoux theory
  • Lazarus theory
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4
Q

common sense view

A

thought (am I safe in this dark alley?) leads to emotion (fear) leads to physiological response (heart racing)

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5
Q

James-Lange theory

A
  • physiological arousal comes before emotion

- ex. heart races, then we feel afraid

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6
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A
  • physiological arousal and emotion happen simultaneously

- ex. your heart begins pounding as you begin to experience fear

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7
Q

2-factor theory

A
  • emotion = physical arousal + cognitive label
  • ex. you may interpret arousal as fear or excitement depending on the context
  • supported by the misattribution to the 2-factor theory of arousal (ie. Capilano Suspension bridge examples)
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8
Q

embodied emotion

A

emotions involve bodily responses (ex. butterflies in our stomach, racing heart, neurons activated in the brain)

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • mobilizes us for action (ex. by pumping blood to major muscle groups)
  • 2 main branches: sympathetic (arousing, stress hormones) and parasympathetic (calming, inhibition of stress hormones)
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10
Q

emotions can have both physiological ____ and physiological ____

A
  • similarities (ex. difficult to distinguish between fear vs. anger vs. love vs. boredom)
  • differences (ex. different facial muscles used in fear vs. joy; amygdala activity in fear vs. anger; frontal lobe activity in depression vs. happiness)
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11
Q

Lie detector tests

A
  • liars vs. truth-tellers experience different emotions when asked questions
  • problem: different emotions don’t have distinct physiological signatures -> results in huge inaccuracies
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12
Q

cognition and emotion

A

many assume cognition comes first, and that it’s required for emotion, but that’s not always true (ex. spillover phenomena; subliminal messages triggering activity)

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13
Q

Spillover Phenomena

A
  • arousal from previous event influences reaction to next event, or “catching” the emotions of people near you
  • ex. being angry right before something happens will have a large effect on the way you react to it; being around angry people will make you angrier
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14
Q

2 routes to emotion

A
  • with conscious appraisal

- without conscious appraisal

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15
Q

Zajonc/Ledoux Perspective

A
  • instant emotion without cognition/appraisal
  • neural shortcut that bypasses cortex (‘thinking’ part of brain) to create fear (ex. we automatically fear a sound in a forest before labeling it as a threat; fearing a spider even though we know it’s harmless)
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16
Q

perceiving facial expressions

A
  • emotions expressed in many ways (face, body, voice)
  • angry faces “pop out” faster than happy ones (more adaptive for us to recognize unhappy faces -> helps us perceive potential threats faster)
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17
Q

gender and expressive emotion

A
  • women better at reading non-verbal emotion
  • women more often express emotion non-verbally
  • ex. when men and women watched happy, sad, or scary movies, both men and women were more expressive during the happy movies (but women were more expressive than men)
18
Q

origins of emotional expression

A
  • Darwin speculated that facial expressions preceded spoken language
  • survival value -> helps us better identify potential threats
19
Q

effects of facial expression

A
  • seeing facial expression affects how we feel

- detecting deception -> experts are only 54% accurate

20
Q

2 types of emotions

A
  • expressed emotions

- discrete emotions

21
Q

discrete emotions

A
  • Izard isolated 10 emotions (joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear, etc.)
  • all observable in infancy (except contempt, shame, and guilt)
  • Eckman discovered that discrete emotions are real, universal, and biologically driven (not just socially learned)
22
Q

3 levels of emotion

A
  1. mood (happiness, sadness, anger, etc.)
  2. trait (people who tend to be happier, more sad, more angry, etc.)
  3. Disorder (depression, anxiety, etc.)
23
Q

2 dimensions of emotion

A
  1. positive-negative (aka: valence)

2. low arousal-high arousal

24
Q

fear

A
  • adaptive -> helps us run away from danger, brings us closer to others, protects us from harm
  • clear biological piece and conditioning piece that interact
25
Q

learning fear

A
  • not just instinctive
  • fear driven by conditioning (learning fear by something scaring you) and observation (learning fear by watching others be afraid of things)
  • can also uncondition fear through exposure therapy
26
Q

biology of fear

A
  • amygdala
  • some fears easier to learn than others -> we’re biologically predisposed to be more afraid of certain things than others (ie. more likely to fear spiders or snakes rather than kittens)
27
Q

anger

A
  • we are angered by…
  • friends/loved ones who commit wrongdoings (especially if wrongdoing was willful, unjustified, and avoidable)
  • foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, aches and pains, etc.
28
Q

happiness

A
  • when we’re happy, we…
  • see the world as safer; make decisions easily; are more cooperative; rate others more favourably; have better health, energy, and satisfaction, etc.
29
Q

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

A

when we’re happy, we’re more willing to help others

30
Q

mood and time of day

A
  • we experience more positive emotions about 6-8 hours after we wake up (for most people, in middle of the day)
  • negative emotions stay pretty consistent throughout the day, but are lower towards the start of the day and higher towards the end of the day
31
Q

happiness is relative

A
  • adaptation-level phenomenon: like adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to income levels
  • relative deprivation: perception that we are worse-off than those we compare ourselves with (ie. feeling smart in high school, feeling average at UBC)
32
Q

does money = happiness?

A
  • small correlation
  • sudden increase in money -> temporary increase in happiness (consistent with adaptation-level phenomenon)
  • having very little money -> less happiness
33
Q

valuing love vs. money

A
  • the more people value money, the lower their life satisfaction
  • the more people value love, the higher their life satisfaction
34
Q

spending on self vs. others

A
  • people who spend more on others are happier
  • people who spend more on others are happier in the future
  • people randomly assigned to spend $5 on others (rather than themselves) happier afterwards
35
Q

Lazarus theory

A
  • cognitive appraisal (sometimes without our awareness) defines our emotions
  • ex. once you label the sound in the forest as “just the wind” your fear decreases
36
Q

2 pathways in the brain for emotion

A
  1. cortex (then amygdala) -> used to analyze more complex feelings like hate and love
  2. directly to amygdala -> creates immediate emotional reaction for simpler emotions like fear
37
Q

facial feedback effect

A
  • tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
  • ex. smiling can make you feel happier
38
Q

behaviour feedback effect

A
  • tendency of behaviour to influence our own and other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
  • ex. walking with your head down can make you feel sad, whereas walking with your head up can make you feel happier
39
Q

catharsis hypothesis

A
  • releasing aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
  • not necessarily true -> may be helpful only if it doesn’t leave us feeling guilty of anxious
40
Q

positive psychology

A

study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities thrive

41
Q

subjective well-being

A
  • self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

- used along with objective well-being (ex. physical and economic indicators) to evaluate quality of life

42
Q

happiness isn’t really related to

A
  • age
  • gender
  • physical attractiveness

Psych 102 (9 decks)

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