Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 102 > Chapter 13 - Social Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Social Psych Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

social psychology

A
  • how we think about, influence, and relate to one another (peers, groups, family, etc.)
  • focuses on social context and relationships, focuses on normal/everyday people - what do we all have in common?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why do we behave the way we do?

A

our behaviour is affected by the way others around us behave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

social thinking

A
  • how do we think about others, especially when they do something unexpected?
  • we attribute behaviour to persons vs. situations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

attribution theory

A
  • we have a tendency to give causal explanations for someone’s behaviour (trying to explain why they did what they did)
  • either attribute to person (ex. child misbehaved because they’re bad) or situation (ex. child misbehaved because the class was boring)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

fundamental attribution error

A
  • tendency to overestimate the impact of personal disposition and underestimate the impact of the situation when explaning behaviour of others
  • ex. person trips on sidewalk -> we tend to think they’re clumsy rather than the sidewalk was uneven
  • we don’t do this with our own behaviour -> we tend to emphasize the situation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

effects of attribution

A

how we explain someone’s behaviour affects how we react to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

self-serving bias

A

people take credit for success, deny responsibility for failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

attitude

A
  • a belief/feeling that predisposes a person to RESPOND in a particular way to objects, people, and events
  • imperfect predictor - other factors (ex. external situation) can also influence behaviour
  • actions can affect attitudes: not only do people stand for what they believe in, they start believing in what they stand for
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

foot in the door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cognitive dissonance

A
  • when our attitudes and actions aren’t consistent, we feel tension that causes us to change one or the other
  • ex. knowing that smoking is harmful, but you smoke -> you’ll either stop smoking because it’s harmful or continue smoking and ignore its harmful effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

social influence

A

how social factors influence attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conformity

A

adjusting one’s behaviour or thinking to comply with a group standard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chameleon effect/automatic mimicry

A

conformity at its most basic - our brain unconsciously monitors what’s going on and primes us to act in a similar way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 reasons for conformity

A
  • normative social influence: conforming in order to fit in

- informative social influence: conforming for informational purposes when we don’t know what to do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

group pressure and conformity

A
  • results from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality
  • solomon asch’s line experiment - lots of people conformed and said the answer they knew was wrong simply because everyone before them had said it
  • even if 1 other person says the right answer, you’re much more likely to give the right answer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

informative social influence

A
  • conforming for informational purposes (ie. eyewitness id)
  • when something is really important and hard to know, we conform rather than trusting our judgement
  • when something is really important and easy to know, we trust our judgement rather than conforming
  • when something isn’t important, there’s an equal amount of conformity and trusting our own judgement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

extreme conformity and role-playing

A
  • when we’re in situations where we don’t feel personally accountable, we do things we would never ordinarily do
  • when we’re given a role, we strive to follow the social perscriptions until you literally become that role
  • ex. Stanford Prison experiement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Milgram experiments

A
  • effect of authority on obedience

- under what situation will someone be more likely to give lethal shocks? CONTEXT is more important than individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when is obedience highest?

A
  • authority figure is salient (next to you)
  • authority figure had prestige (prestigious uni, dr. instead of grad student)
  • victim depersonalized (in another room)
  • no models for defiance (you didn’t see anyone else resisting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

various types of groups

A
  • 1 person affecting another
  • families
  • teams
  • communities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

social facilitation

A
  • refers to improved performance on tasks in the presence of others (or if you’re bad at the task to begin with, you’ll become worse in the presence of others)
  • ex. cyclist’s race times were faster when they competed against others vs. competing against the clock
  • social facilitation may be present amongst cockroaches as well
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

social loafing

A
  • tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort towards attaining a common goal than when tested individually
  • ex. “it’s fine to throw away one plastic bottle, everyone else recycles, so my behaviour won’t make a huge difference”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

deindividuation

A
  • loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
  • ex. vancouver rioters, youtube/online comments where you’re anonymous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

group polarization

A
  • enhances a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion
  • if a group is like-minded, discussion strenghtens its prevailing opinions and attitudes
  • ex. if someone is highly prejudiced and gets put in a group with other highly prejudiced people, their prejudice strengthens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

groupthink

A
  • occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives
  • ex. John F. Kennedy in cuban missile crisis -> got caught up in excitement and nobody wanted to be the person to dampen the mood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

prejudice

A
  • unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members (ex. racial, ethnic, cultural groups)
  • prejudice has decreased, but is still present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 components of prejudice

A
  • beliefs (stereotypes)
  • emotions (hostility, envy, fear)
  • predisposition to act (to discriminate)
28
Q

social roots of prejudice

A
  • social inequality
  • social divisions
  • emotional roots
  • cognitive roots
  • implicit prejudice
  • just-world phenomenon
29
Q

social inequality

A
  • money, power, and prestige can lead to prejudice
  • prejudice can rationalize inequality
  • ex. believing that poor people are lazy
30
Q

social divisions

A
  • ingroup vs. outgroup
  • ingroup: people you share a common identity with (ie. school, sports, ethnicity, etc.)
  • outgroup: those perceived to be different from the ingroup
31
Q

ingroup bias

A

tendency to favour one’s own group

32
Q

emotional roots of prejudice

A
  • outlet for anger and blame

- scapegoating: displacing anger on innocent others

33
Q

cognitive roots of prejudice

A
  • one way to simplify our world is to categorize -> we categorize people into groups by stereotyping them
34
Q

the just-world phenomenon

A
  • the world is just, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
  • leads to blaming victims of prejudice
  • ex. big fish, medium fish, little fish example from sociology textbook
35
Q

aggression

A

physical and verbal behaviours intended to hurt or destroy

36
Q

3 biological influences on aggressive behaviour

A
  • genetic (ex. kid born to 2 aggressive parents more likely to be aggresive)
  • neural (ex. functioning of neurotransmitters)
  • biochemical (ex. testosterone)
37
Q

implicit prejudice

A
  • implicit association test

- ex. white people take longer to identify pleasant words (ie. peace, paradise) with black faces than white faces

38
Q

what leads to aggression

A
  • aversive events (ex. losing game 7 in stanley cup)
  • learning (ex. if aggression is rewarded in childhood)
  • observing models (ex. watching others be aggressive)
  • social scripts (ex. examples of how you’re “supposed to” behave in certain situations - like boyfriends feeling that they must be aggressive and protect their girlfriends)
39
Q

do violent video games teach or release violence?

A
  • mainly release, but also teach

- often used by kids who are already aggressive as an outlet for their aggression

40
Q

biopsychosocial approach to aggression

A
  • biological (genetics)
  • psychological (learning aggression from role models)
  • socio-cultural (situation/context or culture you’re in)
41
Q

conflict

A

perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

42
Q

social trap

A

when conflicting parties pursue their self-interest, thereby engaging in mutually destructive behaviour (ex. social trap game)

43
Q

what predicts attraction

A
  • proximity
  • physical attractiveness
  • similarity
44
Q

proximity

A

mere exposure effect: when we’re repeatedly exposed to something, we tend to like it more (unless you hated it to begin with)

45
Q

physical attractiveness

A
  • people that are more physically attractive are perceived as having other positive traits (ie. healthier, more successful, happier, etc.)
  • doesn’t influence our perception of honesty or compassion
46
Q

similarity

A
  • we are more attracted to people with similar attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, ethnicity, intelligence, etc.
  • “birds of a feather flock together” is more accurate than “opposites attract”
47
Q

passionate love

A
  • aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
  • usually present for first year of relationship
  • involves 2-factor theory of emotion
48
Q

2-factor theory of emotion

A
  • physical/emotional arousal (fast heartbeat, pumping adreneline)
  • cognitive appraisal of arousal (your reasoning for why you feel that arousal)
49
Q

misattribution theory

A

we can misinterpret our physiological arousal (ie. believing that you’re aroused because of a pretty girl, but really being aroused because you just crossed the Capilano suspension bridge) - can make you fall for someone you otherwise wouldn’t

50
Q

companionate love

A
  • deep, affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
  • must come after the passionate love stage ends in order for relationship to succeed
51
Q

2 keys to successful relationship

A
  • equity
  • self-disclosure
  • positive support
52
Q

3 helping theories

A
  • social exchange theory
  • reciprocity norm
  • social-responsibility norm
53
Q

social exchange theory

A

if i do something for someone, they might help me later on

54
Q

reciprocity norm

A

helping someone because you’re part of a social circle and it’s a norm to reciprocate help to those in your circle

55
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

helping people because it’s the right thing to do

56
Q

bystander effect

A

we’re less likely to help someone if other bystanders are present

57
Q

how to make peace?

A
  • superordinate goals: shared goals that override differences and require communication
  • communication: understanding through talking to one another
  • GRIT: if someone makes a concession, the other person must also make one
58
Q

persuation

A
  • trying to influence someone’s attitudes in order to influence their actions
  • 2 types: peripheral route and central route persuasion
59
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

influence by incidental cues like physical attractiveness

60
Q

central route persuasion

A

influence by arguments

61
Q

reward theory of attraction

A

we like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us, including those who help us reach our goals (ie. people that are close to us, attractive, and share our values are the most rewarding)

62
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

63
Q

bystander intervention

A

we’ll help others only if we notice the incident, interpret it as an emergency, and assume responsibility to help

64
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

when more people share responsibility for helping, a single person is less likely to help

65
Q

enemy perceptions

A
  • forming diabolical images of the person you’re in conflict with
  • ex. mirror-image perceptions and self-fufilling prophecy
66
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people - each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

67
Q

self-fufilling prophecy

A

beliefs that lead to their own fufilment (ex. Juan believed Maria was mad at him, so he gave her the silent treatment, so then she got mad at him)

Psych 102 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions