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Psych 102 > Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

normal vs. abnormal: categorical or dimensional?

A
  • categorical: you either have it or you don’t (ie. broken leg)
  • dimensional: a continuum -> you can have it in degrees
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2
Q

criteria for abnormality

A
  • distress
  • maladaptiveness (causing functional problems)
  • irrationality
  • unpredictability
  • unconventionality and statistical rarity
  • observer discomfort
  • violation of moral and ideal standards
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3
Q

abnormal behaviour

A
  • always a judgement (can be subjective - ie. pseudo patient study where people without mental disorders were brought into mental hospital and doctors still believed they had disorders)
  • early explanations: demons, spirits, hysteria, etc.
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4
Q

Emil Kraepelin

A
  • believed mental disorders had physical basis
  • created first comprehensive classification system
  • abnormal behaviour as illness/disease
  • patterns of symptoms
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5
Q

Franz Mesmer

A
  • disruptions of animal magnetism

- hypnotism (mesmerism)

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6
Q

Jean-Martin Charcot

A
  • used hypnotism to alleviate/induce symptoms

- this was a “psychological” explanation

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7
Q

modern perspectives

A
  • biological (brain activity, genes)
  • psychological (psychodynamic, behavioural, cognitive, sociocultural)
  • interactions between all of the above
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8
Q

psychodynamic

A

unconscious conflict

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9
Q

behavioural

A
  • learning theory
  • ex. kid who can’t concentrate in class has other motivations for behaviour (ie. struggling in class, wanting peer approval, etc.)
  • about observable, demonstrable behaviours
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10
Q

sociocultural

A

role of culture in disorders

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11
Q

Gene-environment interaction

A

gene-environment interaction is important to help us understand psychological disorders -> key factor in biopsychosocial approach

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12
Q

prevalence

A
  • women have more cases of serious mental illness than men
  • younger people have higher rates than older people (may be because older people “burn out”, or because negative emotions decrease with age)
  • women have more distress disorders (ie. anxiety, depression) while men have more substance abuse/dependency disorders
  • low sociocultural component to schizophrenia -> always roughly 1% across cultures (depression also present in every society)
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13
Q

DSM pre-1980

A
  • paragraph descriptions
  • allowed for a lot of interpretation when diagnosing someone
  • low inter-rater reliability
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14
Q

DSM-III (1980)

A
  • specific criteria rates one at a time
  • minimum number required to meet diagnosis
  • less room for subjectivity
  • higher inter-relater reliability
  • leads to a lot of heterogeneity (people with different symptoms can be diagnosed with the same thing) -> limits validity
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15
Q

DSM-IV

A
  • axis 1: clinical disorders
  • axis 2: personality disorders, mental retardation
  • axis 3: general medical conditions
  • axis 4: psychosocial and environmental problems/stressors
  • axis 5: global assessment of functioning (GAF scale)
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16
Q

DSM-5

A
  • addition of dimensions
  • axes 1, 2, 3 combined into single axis
  • axis 5 omitted
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17
Q

comorbidity

A
  • co-occurring disorders (ie. having anxiety and depression at the same time)
  • occurs excessively in DSM -> there are still improvements to be made in the way things are defined
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18
Q

DSM definition of mental disorder

A
  1. individual’s behavioural or psychological syndrome
  2. consequences include significant distress or disability
  3. not expectable response to common stressors/losses
  4. reflects underlying psychobiological dysfunction
  5. not result of social deviance or conflicts with society
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19
Q

Formulating new diagnosis

A
  • group of experts appointed
  • discuss seperateness, clinical significance, threshold, defining characteristics, differentiation from other behaviours/disorders, etc.
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20
Q

psychological disorder

A
  • marked by clinically significant disturbance to individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behaviour
  • disturbed/dysfunctional thoughts or maladaptive behaviours that interfere with everyday life
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21
Q

medical model

A

concept that diseases and psychological disorders have physical causes and can be diagnoses, treated, and in most cases cured, often through hospital treatment

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22
Q

epigenetics

A
  • study of environmental influences on gene expression

- our environment can affect whether or not a gene is expressed, thus affecting development of psychological disorders

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23
Q

ADHD

A

psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

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24
Q

anxiety disorders

A

characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviours that reduce anxiety

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25
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

when a person is continually tense and apprehensive even though there is no specific threat present. Symptoms (ie. restlessness, fatigue, irritability) must persist for 6 months for a diagnosis

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26
Q

panic disorder

A

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dream in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations (panic attack), often followed by worry of next attack

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27
Q

phobia

A

anxiety disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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28
Q

OCD

A

characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions) or both

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29
Q

PTSD

A
  • characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience (war, combat, natural disasters, etc.)
  • more common in women
  • 75% experience trauma, only 10% develop PTSD
30
Q

major depressive disorder

A
  • experience prolonged hopelessness, sadness, lethargy, eventually rebounding to normality
  • Can be diagnosed if you have these symptoms for 2 weeks
  • Signs: poor appetite, insomnia, lethargy, feelings of worthlessness
  • Loss of interest in family, friends, and activities
  • Generally, women are more susceptible to depression than men
31
Q

mania

A

hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

32
Q

bipolar disorder

A
  • when a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
  • Signs of bipolar disorder: overtalkative, overactive, little need for sleep, elated, grandiose optimism and self-esteem
  • Mild bipolar disorder may result in higher creativity
  • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings
33
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting - overthinking about our problems and their causes

34
Q

negative explanatory style

A
  • used by depressed people
  • viewing bad events in terms that are stable (“it’s going to last forever”); global (“it’s going to affect everything I do”); and internal (“it’s all my fault”)
35
Q

cycle of depressed thinking

A
  1. stressful experience
  2. negative explanatory style
  3. depressed mood
  4. cognitive and behavioural changes
36
Q

schizophrenia

A

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and or diminished/inappropriate emotion expression

37
Q

delusion

A

false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic distress

38
Q

chronic schizophrenia

A
  • aka process schizophrenia
  • symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood
  • as people age, episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
39
Q

acute schizophrenia

A
  • aka relative schizophrenia
  • can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to traumatic events
  • has extended recovery periods
40
Q

dissociative disorders

A

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

41
Q

dissociative identity disorders

A
  • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities (formerly called multiple personality disorder)
  • may be more constructed than real -> DID symptoms appear most often after rather than before therapy. most DID diagnoses made by a small number of therapists, therapists can reinforce DID because getting attention from the therapist can be rewarding for the patient
42
Q

personality disorders

A
  • inflexible and enduring behaviour patterns that impair social functioning
  • Causes clinically significant problems (distress to self or others, interpersonal, occupational)
43
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

when a person (usually male) exhibits lack of conscious for wrongdoings, even towards friends or family members. May be ruthless or a clever con artist

44
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

45
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear of public places (fear of panic public places cause)

46
Q

social phobia

A

arises in anticipation of public situations or social interactions; fear of negative evaluation

47
Q

biological causes of anxiety disorders

A
  • Preparedness theory of phobias
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Genetic predisposition
48
Q

psychodynamic causes of anxiety disorders

A

psychic conflict/fears

49
Q

behavioural causes of anxiety disorders

A

conditioning/learning; avoidance learning

50
Q

cognitive causes of anxiety disorders

A
  • evaluation of consequences
  • interpretation of events
  • danger cost/likelihood
  • anxiety sensitivity and panic
51
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

when people are unhappier in months with less sunlight

52
Q

explaining mood disorders

A
  • Psychoanalytical: unconscious conflicts, anger turns inward to produce depression
  • Biological: depression involves genetic predispositions and neurotransmitter abnormalities
  • Social-cognitive: Negative thoughts influence biochemical events creating a cycle of depression
53
Q

Beck’s cognitive triad model

A

If you have negative views of themselves, the world, and the future, depression is brought about

54
Q

Learned helplessness model (Seligman)

A
  • Belief (explanatory style) that future is out of one’s control
  • Dogs given unavoidable shocks develop low motivation; become emotionally rigid, lazy, and scared; and developed difficulties learning – even when they could avoid shocks
55
Q

hopelessness theory of depression

A

idea that once we’re depressed, we become hopeless about our future and we stop trying to better ourselves -> we become stuck there

56
Q

differences in permanence, pervasiveness, and personalization between the 2 explanatory styles

A
  • Optimistic: permanence: temporary; pervasiveness: specific; personalization: external
  • Pessimistic: permanence: permanent; pervasiveness: universal; personalization: internal
57
Q

gender and mood disorders

A
  • prevalence of depression 2x higher in women
  • Women experience more stressors due to our patriarchal society
  • women experience more rumination
58
Q

gender and suicide

A
  • suicide higher in men
  • women attempt suicide 3x more often than men
  • Suicide rates higher in elderly, can vary by country
59
Q

causes of schizophrenia

A
  • Brain (Dopamine, tissue loss, reduced activity)
  • Genetics (strong component, but it only makes up about half the story -> ex. General population = 1%; Identical (MZ) twins where one has schizophrenia = 50%; Children of 2 schizophrenic parents = just under 50%)
  • Environmental stressors
  • Family conflict and relapse
  • Diathesis-stress hypothesis (depending on person’s predisposition, a certain amount of stress will cause them to become disordered)
60
Q

anorexia nervosa

A
  • Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight that is less than minimally normal
  • Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behaviour that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight
  • Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight
61
Q

bulimia nervosa

A
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating (Significant eating in 2-hour period or less and sense of lack of control over eating during the episode)
  • Recurring inappropriate compensatory behaviours in order to prevent weight gain (eg. Vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications, fasting, or excessive exercise)
  • At least once a week for 3 months
  • Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight
  • The disturbance does not occur exclusively during episodes of anorexia nervosa
62
Q

Personality disorder not otherwise specified (NOS)

A

don’t fit into the 10 categories, but still meet criteria for diagnosis -> happens very often with DSM-IV

63
Q

DSM-5 classification of personality disorders

A
  • Anxious/fearful
  • Odd/eccentric
  • Dramatic/impulsive
64
Q

Personality disorders -> Anxious/fearful

A
  • Avoidant
  • Dependent
  • Obsessive-compulsive
65
Q

Personality disorders -> odd/eccentric

A
  • Schizoid (lack of interest in a social lifestyle, cold, solitary)
  • Schizotypal (eccentric perceptions -> thinking that you know what other people are thinking, thinking you can influence results of sports games, etc.)
  • Paranoid
66
Q

Personality disorders -> dramatic/impulsive

A
  • Histrionic (very social and has lots of friends, but relationships are shallow)
  • Narcissistic
  • Borderline
  • Antisocial (manipulative, exploitative, violates rights of others)
67
Q

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

A
  • Inattention and impulsivity

- 3-7%, higher in boys

68
Q

Autism

A
  • affects verbal, social, joint attention, and bonding skills
  • Repetitive behaviours/stimulation
  • Increasing prevalence, now estimated at 1 in 200 or higher
69
Q

Hallucinations

A
  • patient experiences an altered world and perceives things that are not there
  • auditory hallucinations: hearing voices
70
Q

inappropriate actions and emotions

A
  • Flat affect: zombie-like state of apparent apathy

- Catatonia: period of remaining motionless

71
Q

types of schizophrenia symptoms

A
  • Positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotions
  • Negative symptoms: absence of emotion, absence of tone and expression, silence/catatonia

Psych 102 (9 decks)

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