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Psych 102 > Chapter 14 - Personality Psych > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Personality Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

personality psych

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

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2
Q

psychoanalytic perspective

A
  • 1st personality theory, although mostly wrong
  • Freud’s theory about our mind: ego, supergo, ID
  • emphasized unconscious
  • created psychosexual stages based on erogenous zones
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3
Q

unconscious

A

part of our mind containing thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we aren’t aware

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4
Q

ID

A
  • unconscious mind
  • pleasure principle
  • it wants what it wants -> if you’re hungry and you see a chocolate bar on someone’s desk, if your ID was in control, you’d grab it and eat it
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5
Q

ego

A
  • conscious mind
  • reality principle
  • realizes that in reality, there are consequences to actions -> if you steal someone else’s food, you may be punished or viewed as weird
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6
Q

supergo

A
  • outside awareness, but accessible
  • our conscience
  • sense of right and wrong -> we can’t take someone else’s food because it’s just wrong
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7
Q

oedipus complex

A
  • boy’s sexual desire for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for rival father
  • inaccurate
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8
Q

electra complex

A
  • girl’s sexual desire for her father (opposite of oedipus complex)
  • inaccurate
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9
Q

defence mechanisms

A
  • repression
  • reaction formation
  • projection
  • retraction
  • rationalization
  • displacement
  • denial
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10
Q

repression

A

banishes anxiety-inducing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

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11
Q

reaction formation

A

switches unacceptable impulses to their opposites

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12
Q

projection

A

leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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13
Q

psychoanalysts

A
  • carl jung
  • karen horney
  • alfred adler
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14
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective unconscious: contains images derived from our species’ universal experiences

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15
Q

Alfred Adler

A

emphasized social rather than sexual tensions of childhood

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16
Q

Karen Horney

A
  • shared Adler’s emphasis on social tensions of childhood rather than sexual ones
  • countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and infantile tendencies
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17
Q

projective personality tests

A
  • show us something ambiguous and ask us questions about it -> we project our unconscious mind onto it when we tell therapist what we see in the image
  • ex. TAT, Rorschach, etc.
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18
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

A

people express their personality through telling a story about an ambiguous picture

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19
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A
  • most widely used projective test
  • people express personality through interpretation of inkblots
  • interprets form (how common), colour, use of details or white space, motion, special categories (pairs, humans or animals, morbid, etc.)
  • not very scientific - little correlation
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20
Q

projective test problems

A
  • reliability/consistency: if you give someone the same test multiple times within a short timespan, results should be very similar (Rorschach fails this)
  • validity/accuracy
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21
Q

evaluating psychoanalysis

A
  • general idea of unconscious is right

- not developed through science, not testable, many testable premises have been refuted and/or shown to be harmful

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22
Q

humanistic perspective

A
  • unlike Freud, focused on positive traits people have

- Maslow and Carl Rogers

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23
Q

Maslow

A
  • humanistic perspective
  • self-actualization and hierarchy of needs
  • self-transdecence
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24
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • certain needs take precedence over others

- top: self-actualization -> esteem needs -> love needs -> safety needs -> basic needs (food, shelter, etc.)

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25
Q

carl rogers

A
  • person-centered perspective
  • everyone has potential for self-actualization
  • unconditional positive regard: accepting others despite their failures
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26
Q

how to convey person-centered perspective

A
  • acceptance
  • empathy
  • reflective listening
  • non-directive (allowing client to talk about what they want without directing the conversation)
27
Q

evaluating humanistic perspective

A
  • concepts are vage, subjective, and lack scientific basis

- ingredients of person-centered therapy have had huge impact on counselling, education, child-rearing, and management

28
Q

trait perspective

A

dominant perspective in personality psych

29
Q

trait

A
  • characteristic pattern of behaviour
  • disposition to feel/act
  • stable over time (unlike mood, which fluctuates)
30
Q

ways to assess traits

A
  • personality inventories
  • true-false or Likert scale formats
  • self-report questionnaires (ie. MMPI)
31
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A
  • developed mid-1900’s, but updated and still used today

- empirically-derived rather than rationally derived (ie. developed from science rather than personal reasoning)

32
Q

how to measure traits

A
  • Factor Analysis
  • Eysenck’s Personality Dimension
  • Big Five Factors
33
Q

factor analysis

A
  • looks for clusters of correlations in a survey (ie. clusters of things like “I am a people person”, “I like being around others”, “I enjoy going to parties”)
  • identified which characteristics are related to each other and together might identify a trait (ie. for examples above, those might identify extroverts)
  • administered to very large samples, could have hundreds of items
34
Q

Eysenck’s personality dimension

A
  • 2 factors: extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability
  • crossing these traits leads to tons of different dimensions of personality
35
Q

Big Five Factors

A
  • most popular trait theory with lots of research support, has established measures that are used every day
  • CANOE - Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, Extroversion
36
Q

how testable are the big 5 traits

A
  • very!
  • stable over time (once adulthood is reached)
  • heritable (about 50% due to genetics)
  • cross-cultural
  • traits relate to other personal attributes (ie. extroverted people go to social events more often)
37
Q

can mood effect personality

A
  • it can, but minimally (ie. if you’re having a bad day, you might choose more neuroticism items than normal)
  • can test this by randomly assigning people to different mood conditions to see if mood changes their responses of personality
38
Q

person-situation controvery

A
  • do traits or situations matter more for predicting personality? Answer: BOTH!
  • situations can predict short-term behaviour
  • traits can predict average long-term behaviour
  • better question -> how do people and situations interact?
39
Q

Albert Bandura

A
  • interaction between a person and their social context
  • different people choose different environments
  • our personalities shape how we react to events
  • our personalities shape situations
40
Q

external locus of control

A

outside forces determine fate

41
Q

internal locus of control

A

we can control our own fate (healthier because you feel less powerless)

42
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

like aggression, we need look at personality through a biological, psychological, and socio-cultural lens

43
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a process of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

44
Q

identification

A

according to Freud, process by which children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos

45
Q

fixation

A

according to freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage at which conflicts were unresolved

46
Q

retraction

A

withdrawing into a more infantile psychosexual stage

47
Q

rationalization

A

offering justifying explanations in place of the real reasons for your actions

48
Q

displacement

A

shifting impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object/person

49
Q

denial

A

refusing to believe reality

50
Q

Freudian slips/Spoonerisms

A

switching up words/letters (ie. “bare shoulders” instead of “share boulders” or “hissing my mystery class” instead of “missing my history class”) -> what you mistakenly said reveals your unconscious desires

51
Q

manifest content of dreams

A

the content that appeared in the dream

52
Q

latent content of dreams

A

the unconscious desires that your dreams symbolized

53
Q

self-transdecence

A
  • Maslow

- seeking meaning, purpose, and communion beyond self

54
Q

self-concept

A
  • our thoughts and feelings about ourselves - who we believe we are
  • if you’re happy with ourselves, we’ll have a more positive outlook on life (and vice versa)
55
Q

self

A

center of personality, organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions

56
Q

spotlight effect

A

overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and actions

57
Q

self-esteem

A
  • one’s feelings of high or low self-worth

- doesn’t really affect how well/bad you do

58
Q

self-efficacy

A
  • one’s sense of competence and effectiveness

- can affect how well you do

59
Q

excessive optimism

A

being so optimistic that you don’t consider the possible risks of something (success requires optimism and realism)

60
Q

blindness to one’s own incompetence

A

people are often most overconfident when they are incompetent

61
Q

self-serving bias

A

readiness to perceive oneself favourably - accepting more responsibility for good things than bad

62
Q

narcissism

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

63
Q

defensive self-esteem

A

fragile, focuses on sustaining self, threatened by failure and criticism

64
Q

secure self-esteem

A

less fragile, less contingent on external evaluations, accepting ourselves for who we are

Psych 102 (9 decks)

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