Chapter 16-Social sport and exercise psychology Flashcards
What explanations have been provided to explain why athletes choke in situations where they experience high levels of pressure to perform well?
Choking can be caused by self-consciousness. (They pay extra conscious attention to the performance process-interfere with the normal automatic processing)
It could also be explained by the acclimatization hypothesis or the reinvestment theory.
Discuss the viability (livsduglighet) of a social psychological theory in explaining exercise behaviour.
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Outline strategies coaches could use to improve cohesion within their team and discuss why these strategies can be beneficial to future success.
- Make athletes feel like they are part of the team.
- Improve collective efficacy: collective competence
- Role acceptance: Unique and important role in the team
- Encourage cooperation between team players
- Avoid clique formation
- Expect conflict
- Learn personal information about the athlete’s lives
Why are teams or athletes more likely to be successful when competing at the home venue in comparison to playing away?
Home advantage:
- Larger supporting crowds
- Travelling causes the players to feel fatigue and is also a disruption from their daily routines.
What is social facilitation (Zajonc) and how can this influence sporting performance?
The mere imagined presence of other’s watching you perform a task increases physiological arousal levels, which will facilitate the performance of well-learned or simple behaviours. If the task is complex it will result in an impaired performance. Their skills need to be mastered before executing their sport in front of an audience.
what is the acclimatization hypothesis?
Through practice or experience, athletes will become accustomed to the effects of heightened self-awareness or pressure, thereby preventing choking under pressure.
The athletes that are pre-dispositioned with being self-conscious on a daily basis will not be affected by the pressure. These athletes are accustomed to deal with being self-conscious on a daily basis. And when self-conscious athletes are put under pressure, the experience of self-consciousness will interfere with their performance as they are not used to this.
What is collective efficasy?
The sense of competence shared among individuals when allocating, coordinating, and integrating their resources in a successful concerted response to a specific situational demand.
What are cross-lagged panel studies?
Studies that assess two or more variables at several points in time and test their cross-lagged correlations. Time two measures are correlated with time one measures; the strength of these correlations serves as a basis for causal inference.
What is global self-worth?
A person’s overall emotional evaluation of his or her own worth.
What is intervention mapping?
A protocol to develop theory-and evidence-based health promotion programmes.
What is the progression-regression hypothesis?
When we learn motor skills we make use of more complex control strategies, but when we experience stress we regress to earlier acquired and simpler control strategies.
What is the reinvestment theory?
Suggests that when experiencing stress or pressure the individual will direct attention to skills-focused processes, which will disrupt the performance of well-learned skills.
Athletes who have a tendency to reinvest are more likely to choke compared with athletes low in dispositional reinvestment. Reinvestment refers to attempt by the performer to consciously control one’s own movement with explicit and rule-based knowledge. (Thinking what the fingers and hand are doing while playing the piano)-Related to progression-regression hypothesis.
What is the ringelmann effect?
The tendency that when the size of a group increases, the individuals in the group become less productive due to reductions in motivation and/or coordination problems.
What is the social facilitation theory?
When being watched by others, individuals will do better in skills they are already good at, but worse on skills, they have not yet mastered.
What is social loafing?
The tendency of individuals to reduce effort when performing in a group compared with performing the same task individually.
