Chapter 16: Preventing Food Spoilage Flashcards
What is one of the easiest and oldest ways of preventing food spoilage?
Reduction of water activity
What type of reactions will not occur in microbes without water?
Hydrolytic Catabolic Reactions
What molecule will not be produced without water activity?
ATP
What are two ways to remove water directly from food?
Desiccation, Lyophilization
What is another way besides directly removing water?
Solutes (salt/sugar)
What is another way besides water removal to prevent food spoilage in a sheep and efficient manner?
Temperature control
What food spoilage technique involves cooling?
Refrigeration
What food spoilage technique involves heating?
Pasteurization
What can control of temperature be combined with to prevent food spoilage?
Pressure
What does temperature and pressure control together help eliminate?
Endospores
What types of microbes are not susceptible to temperature control?
Psychrophiles, Thermophiles
What is the term for the process of combining temperature with pressure control to eliminate food spoilage?
Canning
What chemical property can be increased to prevent spoilage?
Acidity
What term describes placing foods in vinegar or allowing microbial fermentation to naturally drop the pH over time?
Pickling
What process is caused by acid and causes cellular enzymes and nutrient transport perm eases to be destroyed/inactivated?
Protein denaturization
What do chemical preservatives typically do to prevent food spoilage?
Reduce pH
What are 3 examples of natural antimicrobial preservatives?
Bacteriocins, Lactic acid, Citric acid
What is an example of an artificial preservative that can cause an allergic reaction?
Sulfur Dioxide
What technique can be used to prevent food spoilage by damaging microbial DNA?
Irradiation
What type of irradiation is surface level only and not strong?
Non-ionizing radiation (UV)
What type of irradiation is stronger and more penetrating?
Ionizing radiation (gamma/X-ray)
What technique for preventing food spoilage uses vacuum packing to take oxygen out of the package?
Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
What gases are sometimes flooded into vegetable packaging?
CO2, NO2
What is often packed in a high oxygen environment to reduce growth of anaerobic microbes?
Red Meat
What type of technology uses multiple levels of antimicrobial control in food?
Hurdle Technology
What two food spoilage techniques are used for milk?
Pasteurize, Refrigeration
What two food spoilage techniques are used for ketchup?
High solutes, Low pH
What two food spoilage techniques are used for salad greens?
MAP, Refrigeration
What two food spoilage techniques are used for MRE’s?
Dehydration, Irradiation
