Chapter 15: Deep Surface Ecosystems

Question 1

Who can carry nutrients from surface into areas where sunlight can’t reach?

Answer 1

Primary producers

Question 2

What type of organisms are responsible for primary production of organic compounds?

Answer 2

Chemolithoautotrophs

Question 3

What type of organism is responsible for primary production in areas without sunlight?

Answer 3

Chemolithoautotrophs

Question 4

What type of organisms utilize the organics produced by the chemolithoautotrophs?

Answer 4

Respiring microbes

Question 5

What type of underwater activity releases minerals and gases into the seawater?

Answer 5

Volcanic activity

Question 6

What do microbes utilize as primary energy and electron sources to drive carbon fixation in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

Answer 6

Inorganics

Question 7

What do mats of microbes attract in hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

Answer 7

Crustaceans, then larger invertebrates/vertebrates

Question 8

What forms between microbes and eukaryal organisms to increase biodiversity in the communities of hydrothermal vent ecosystems?

Answer 8

Symbiotic relationship

Question 9

What type of productivity happens without light?

Answer 9

Primary Productivity

Question 10

What is a common energy source in chemolithoautotrophy?

Answer 10

H2S

Question 11

What type of bacterium is capable of using H2S as an energy source?

Answer 11

S-oxidizing bacterium

Question 12

Where are hydrothermal vent ecosystems found?

Answer 12

Worldwide

Question 13

What is the impact of nutrient diversity between hydrothermal vents?

Answer 13

Microbial community diversity

Question 14

What also exists as well as hydrothermal vents?

Answer 14

Cold seeps

Question 15

What is produced by cold seeps?

Answer 15

CH4 (methane)

Question 16

What does the combination of methane from cold seeps and seawater help produce?

Answer 16

Carbonate rock

Question 17

What type of ecosystems have milder temperatures, neutral pH, and access to sunlight?

Answer 17

Terrestrial Geothermal Ecosystems

Question 18

Where does primary production come from in terrestrial geothermal ecosystems?

Answer 18

Cyanobacteria

Question 19

What are primarily found in hotter acidic springs of terrestrial geothermal ecosystems?

Answer 19

Chemolithoautotrophs

Question 20

What type of microbes are killed by extreme conditions like hotter acidic springs?

Answer 20

Photosynthetic microbes