Chapter 16 Human reproductive Physiology

Question 1

Sperm production takes place in the

Answer 1

testes.

Question 2

Each testis contains ~___coiled tubules – called ____ –

Answer 2

500 called seminefrous tubules

Question 3

semenefrous tubules produce?

Answer 3

that produce hundreds (thousands?) of sperm each second in healthy males.

Question 4

The inner lining of each tubule is lined with germinal tissue – germinal tissue includes two kinds of cells

Answer 4

GERM CELLS –

SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS –

Question 5

through meiosis, these cells produce haploid sperm cells. All four resultant cells are viable sperm cells.

Answer 5

germ cells

Question 6

nourish and protect germ cells.
They also secrete lubricating fluid to aid outward movement of sperm as they exit testis via efferent ductules and eventually epididymis.

Answer 6

SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS

Question 7

nurse cells produce ____ hormone which regulates?

Answer 7

Also produces AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone), which regulates other hormones (e.g. testosterone, estradiol)

Question 8

Blood-testis barrier is formed by _____

Answer 8

sustentacular cells;

Question 9

sustentacular cells prevents?

Answer 9

prevents auto-immune response from destroying developing sperm (antigens)

Question 10

Between seminiferous tubules are clusters of endocrine cells called ____?
These cells secrete male sex hormones – ANDROGENS, the most important of which is TESTOSTERONE.

Answer 10

INTERSTITIAL (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS.

Question 11

INTERSTITIAL (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS secrete male sex hormones – _____?

Answer 11

ANDROGENS, the most important of which is TESTOSTERONE.

Question 12

Tail is a _____(function)

Acrosome contains digestive enzymes that helps sperm to penetrate egg (if present).

Answer 12

flagellum – whipping motion provides motility.

Question 13

Base of tail contains a ___?

Answer 13

coiled mitochondrion to provide power for movement.

Question 14

Head contains nucleus and an organelle called an ___?

Answer 14

ACROSOME.

Question 15

Acrosome contains digestive enzymes that helps

Answer 15

sperm to penetrate egg (if present).

Question 16

Seminiferous tubules lead into straight tubules, then into larger set of tubules called ____?

Answer 16

RETE TESTIS.

Question 17

Rete testis ultimately drains into larger tubules called efferent ductules, which in turn drain into

Answer 17

EPIDIDYMIS

Question 18

Epididymis includes

Answer 18

HEAD, BODY, and TAIL.

Question 19

Tail of epididymis dilates (expands) into__?

Answer 19

DUCTUS DEFERENS.

Question 20

DUCTUS DEFERENS passes up spermatic cord, and into body through ___?

Answer 20

inguinal canal.

Question 21

As each duct passes behind (dorsal to) bladder, it has appended to it a gland called the ___?

Answer 21

SEMINAL VESICLE.

Question 22

Just prior to attachment of the seminal vesicle, the ductus enlarges into an ___?

Answer 22

AMPULLA

Question 23

The ampulla is a position of sperm storage prior to ____?

Answer 23

ejaculation.

Question 24

_____ provide secretions that make up most of seminal fluid.

Answer 24

Exocrine glands –

Question 25

Fluid lubricates path of _____.

Answer 25

exiting sperm

Question 26

Fluid is energy-rich (sugar rich) , providing

Answer 26

food for sperm

Question 27

Secretions slightly alkaline – helps to

Answer 27

neutralize slightly acidic environment of vagina

Question 28

promote uterine contractions to help facilitate sperm movement up uterus into fallopian tubes

Answer 28

PROSTAGLANDINS

Question 29

forms a temporary clot in vagina.

Answer 29

Fibrinogen-

Question 30

Once beyond the seminal vesicle, ductus is referred to as the _____. These are paired structures which empty into the prostatic urethra

Answer 30

ejaculatory duct

Question 31

Prostate is a mass of _____.

Answer 31

connective tissue, glandular tissue, and smooth muscle

Question 32

Prostate secretions:

Answer 32

Prostatic fluid Clotting enzyme profibrinolysin

Question 33

Pair of glands at base of prostate.

Answer 33

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

Question 34

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS | Secretions:

Answer 34

Alkaline mucus. | Lubricant for urethra & glans of penis.

Question 35

ERECTION Primarily a ____ function (_,_,_)

Answer 35

(point) PARASYMPATHETIC function (S2, S3, S4)

Question 36

ERECTION | Initiated by _____

Answer 36

sensory stimuli, including sensations conveyed via pudendal nerves

Question 37

EJACULATION A _____FUNCTION!!

Answer 37

SYMPATHETIC | shoot

Question 38

Ejaculation | Sympathetic fibers innervate

Answer 38

smooth muscle of ductus deferens

Question 39

ejaculation | Peristalsis propels

Answer 39

sperm and seminal fluid out distal end of urethra.

Question 40

In females, only __ of the resulting cells will be viable and the other ___ degenerate

Answer 40

one | 3

Question 41

Before first meiotic division in females, each germinal cell remains in ___?.

Answer 41

suspended development. (PRIMARY OOCYTE) (diploid)

Question 42

meosis in females | 1st meiotic division is not completed until puberty, when__ triggers ovarian cycle.

Answer 42

FSH

Question 43

meosis in females | After 1st meiotic division, the remaining largest cell is the ___?

Answer 43

``` SECONDARY OOCYTE (haploid). . ```

Question 44

meosis in females | 2nd meiotic division is not completed until

Answer 44

fertilization (haploid)

Question 45

At birth there are ~_____; | from birth to puberty decreases to 300-400,000….but only _____ will complete development to give rise to ____>

Answer 45

2million primary oocytes | 300-400,000….but only (400 primary oocytes) will complete development to give rise to 2ndary oocytes

Question 46

Oogonia give rise ____.

Answer 46

oocytes

Question 47

Before birth oogonia multiply by __

Answer 47

mitosis.

Question 48

During fetal development oogonia begin ____, stopping in ____ and become _____.

Answer 48

meoisis | prophase I and become primary oocytes.

Question 49

Primary oocytes become ____

Answer 49

primordial follicles.

Question 50

After puberty, primordial follicles develop into____.

Answer 50

primary follicles

Question 51

_____ form when fluid filled vesicles develop and thecal cells arise on the outside of the follicle

Answer 51

Secondary follicles

Question 52

Just before ovulation, primary oocyte completes meisos I creating a _____

Answer 52

seconday oocyte and polar body (non viable)

Question 53

Secondary oocyte only completes meiosis II if _____

Answer 53

fertilized by a sperm cell

Question 54

Each primary oocyte is packaged in an epithelial vesicle called a ___?

Answer 54

FOLLICLE

Question 55

It is within follicle that 1st meiotic division is completed to create ____

Answer 55

secondary oocyte

Question 56

Ovarian cycle has 2 basic stages:

Answer 56

``` Follicular phase (preovulatory phase) Luteal phase (postovulatory phase ```

Question 57

development and maturation of primary oocyte into secondary oocyte within follicle. Release of secondary oocyte.

Answer 57

Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)

Question 58

degeneration of empty follicle and preparation of uterus for pregnancy.

Answer 58

Luteal phase (postovulatory phase) –

Question 59

fluid fills the antrum, and primary oocyte matures into secondary oocyte, almost ready to be released.

Answer 59

TERTIARY FOLLICLE (VESICULAR OVARIAN FOLLICLE, GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE) –

Question 60

follicular fluid develops between inner & outer layers of follicle

Answer 60

SECONDARY FOLLICLE – ____

Question 61

develops granulosa & thecal cells and zona pellucida

Answer 61

PRIMARY FOLLICLE – _____

Question 62

not yet growing.

Answer 62

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE – ____

Question 63

Luteal phase: | what is left of follicle after ovulation.

Answer 63

CORPUS LUTEUM –

Question 64

Corpus luteum secretes some ____ both of which are important in regulating female menstrual cycle.

Answer 64

ESTROGEN and mostly PROGESTERONE,

Question 65

degenerated follicle.

Answer 65

CORPUS ALBICANS –

Question 66

OVULATION is the release of a ____

Answer 66

secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

Question 67

ovulation | Occurs in response to high concentrations of _____.

Answer 67

Gonadotropins, primarily LH

Question 68

_____ is “ejected” from ovary directly through mass of ovarian wall.

Answer 68

Secondary oocyte

Question 69

____directs oocyte into fallopian tube, preventing movement into coelom.

Answer 69

Fimbria