Chapter 16 Human reproductive Physiology Flashcards
Sperm production takes place in the
testes.
Each testis contains ~___coiled tubules – called ____ –
500 called seminefrous tubules
semenefrous tubules produce?
that produce hundreds (thousands?) of sperm each second in healthy males.
The inner lining of each tubule is lined with germinal tissue – germinal tissue includes two kinds of cells
GERM CELLS –
SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS –
through meiosis, these cells produce haploid sperm cells. All four resultant cells are viable sperm cells.
germ cells
nourish and protect germ cells.
They also secrete lubricating fluid to aid outward movement of sperm as they exit testis via efferent ductules and eventually epididymis.
SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS
nurse cells produce ____ hormone which regulates?
Also produces AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone), which regulates other hormones (e.g. testosterone, estradiol)
Blood-testis barrier is formed by _____
sustentacular cells;
sustentacular cells prevents?
prevents auto-immune response from destroying developing sperm (antigens)
Between seminiferous tubules are clusters of endocrine cells called ____?
These cells secrete male sex hormones – ANDROGENS, the most important of which is TESTOSTERONE.
INTERSTITIAL (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS.
INTERSTITIAL (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS secrete male sex hormones – _____?
ANDROGENS, the most important of which is TESTOSTERONE.
Tail is a _____(function)
Acrosome contains digestive enzymes that helps sperm to penetrate egg (if present).
flagellum – whipping motion provides motility.
Base of tail contains a ___?
coiled mitochondrion to provide power for movement.
Head contains nucleus and an organelle called an ___?
ACROSOME.
Acrosome contains digestive enzymes that helps
sperm to penetrate egg (if present).
Seminiferous tubules lead into straight tubules, then into larger set of tubules called ____?
RETE TESTIS.
Rete testis ultimately drains into larger tubules called efferent ductules, which in turn drain into
EPIDIDYMIS
Epididymis includes
HEAD, BODY, and TAIL.
Tail of epididymis dilates (expands) into__?
DUCTUS DEFERENS.
DUCTUS DEFERENS passes up spermatic cord, and into body through ___?
inguinal canal.
As each duct passes behind (dorsal to) bladder, it has appended to it a gland called the ___?
SEMINAL VESICLE.
Just prior to attachment of the seminal vesicle, the ductus enlarges into an ___?
AMPULLA
The ampulla is a position of sperm storage prior to ____?
ejaculation.
_____ provide secretions that make up most of seminal fluid.
Exocrine glands –
Fluid lubricates path of _____.
exiting sperm
Fluid is energy-rich (sugar rich) , providing
food for sperm
Secretions slightly alkaline – helps to
neutralize slightly acidic environment of vagina
promote uterine contractions to help facilitate sperm movement up uterus into fallopian tubes
PROSTAGLANDINS
forms a temporary clot in vagina.
Fibrinogen-
Once beyond the seminal vesicle, ductus is referred to as the _____. These are paired structures which empty into the prostatic urethra
ejaculatory duct
Prostate is a mass of _____.
connective tissue, glandular tissue, and smooth muscle
Prostate secretions:
Prostatic fluid
Clotting enzyme
profibrinolysin
Pair of glands at base of prostate.
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
Secretions:
Alkaline mucus.
Lubricant for urethra & glans of penis.
ERECTION
Primarily a ____ function (,,_)
(point) PARASYMPATHETIC function (S2, S3, S4)
ERECTION
Initiated by _____
sensory stimuli, including sensations conveyed via pudendal nerves
EJACULATION
A _____FUNCTION!!
SYMPATHETIC
shoot
Ejaculation
Sympathetic fibers innervate
smooth muscle of ductus deferens
ejaculation
Peristalsis propels
sperm and seminal fluid out distal end of urethra.
In females, only __ of the resulting cells will be viable and the other ___ degenerate
one
3
Before first meiotic division in females, each germinal cell remains in ___?.
suspended development. (PRIMARY OOCYTE) (diploid)
meosis in females
1st meiotic division is not completed until puberty, when__ triggers ovarian cycle.
FSH
meosis in females
After 1st meiotic division, the remaining largest cell is the ___?
SECONDARY OOCYTE (haploid). .
meosis in females
2nd meiotic division is not completed until
fertilization (haploid)
At birth there are ~_____;
from birth to puberty decreases to 300-400,000….but only _____ will complete development to give rise to ____>
2million primary oocytes
300-400,000….but only (400 primary oocytes) will complete development to give rise to 2ndary oocytes
Oogonia give rise ____.
oocytes
Before birth oogonia multiply by __
mitosis.
During fetal development oogonia begin ____, stopping in ____ and become _____.
meoisis
prophase I and become primary oocytes.
Primary oocytes become ____
primordial follicles.
After puberty, primordial follicles develop into____.
primary follicles
_____ form when fluid filled vesicles develop and thecal cells arise on the outside of the follicle
Secondary follicles
Just before ovulation, primary oocyte completes meisos I creating a _____
seconday oocyte and polar body (non viable)
Secondary oocyte only completes meiosis II if _____
fertilized by a sperm cell
Each primary oocyte is packaged in an epithelial vesicle called a ___?
FOLLICLE
It is within follicle that 1st meiotic division is completed to create ____
secondary oocyte
Ovarian cycle has 2 basic stages:
Follicular phase (preovulatory phase) Luteal phase (postovulatory phase
development and maturation of primary oocyte into secondary oocyte within follicle. Release of secondary oocyte.
Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)
degeneration of empty follicle and preparation of uterus for pregnancy.
Luteal phase (postovulatory phase) –
fluid fills the antrum, and primary oocyte matures into secondary oocyte, almost ready to be released.
TERTIARY FOLLICLE (VESICULAR OVARIAN FOLLICLE, GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE) –
follicular fluid develops between inner & outer layers of follicle
SECONDARY FOLLICLE – ____
develops granulosa & thecal cells and zona pellucida
PRIMARY FOLLICLE – _____
not yet growing.
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE – ____
Luteal phase:
what is left of follicle after ovulation.
CORPUS LUTEUM –
Corpus luteum secretes some ____ both of which are important in regulating female menstrual cycle.
ESTROGEN and mostly PROGESTERONE,
degenerated follicle.
CORPUS ALBICANS –
OVULATION is the release of a ____
secondary oocyte from a mature follicle
ovulation
Occurs in response to high concentrations of _____.
Gonadotropins, primarily LH
_____ is “ejected” from ovary directly through mass of ovarian wall.
Secondary oocyte
____directs oocyte into fallopian tube, preventing movement into coelom.
Fimbria
