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Bio 224 > Chapter 16 Human reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Human reproductive Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sperm production takes place in the

A

testes.

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2
Q

Each testis contains ~___coiled tubules – called ____ –

A

500 called seminefrous tubules

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3
Q

semenefrous tubules produce?

A

that produce hundreds (thousands?) of sperm each second in healthy males.

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4
Q

The inner lining of each tubule is lined with germinal tissue – germinal tissue includes two kinds of cells

A

GERM CELLS –

SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS –

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5
Q

through meiosis, these cells produce haploid sperm cells. All four resultant cells are viable sperm cells.

A

germ cells

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6
Q

nourish and protect germ cells.
They also secrete lubricating fluid to aid outward movement of sperm as they exit testis via efferent ductules and eventually epididymis.

A

SUSTENTACULAR (Sertoli or Nurse) CELLS

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7
Q

nurse cells produce ____ hormone which regulates?

A

Also produces AMH (anti-Mullerian hormone), which regulates other hormones (e.g. testosterone, estradiol)

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8
Q

Blood-testis barrier is formed by _____

A

sustentacular cells;

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9
Q

sustentacular cells prevents?

A

prevents auto-immune response from destroying developing sperm (antigens)

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10
Q

Between seminiferous tubules are clusters of endocrine cells called ____?
These cells secrete male sex hormones – ANDROGENS, the most important of which is TESTOSTERONE.

A

INTERSTITIAL (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS.

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11
Q

INTERSTITIAL (aka ‘LEYDIG’) CELLS secrete male sex hormones – _____?

A

ANDROGENS, the most important of which is TESTOSTERONE.

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12
Q

Tail is a _____(function)

Acrosome contains digestive enzymes that helps sperm to penetrate egg (if present).

A

flagellum – whipping motion provides motility.

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13
Q

Base of tail contains a ___?

A

coiled mitochondrion to provide power for movement.

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14
Q

Head contains nucleus and an organelle called an ___?

A

ACROSOME.

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15
Q

Acrosome contains digestive enzymes that helps

A

sperm to penetrate egg (if present).

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16
Q

Seminiferous tubules lead into straight tubules, then into larger set of tubules called ____?

A

RETE TESTIS.

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17
Q

Rete testis ultimately drains into larger tubules called efferent ductules, which in turn drain into

A

EPIDIDYMIS

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18
Q

Epididymis includes

A

HEAD, BODY, and TAIL.

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19
Q

Tail of epididymis dilates (expands) into__?

A

DUCTUS DEFERENS.

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20
Q

DUCTUS DEFERENS passes up spermatic cord, and into body through ___?

A

inguinal canal.

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21
Q

As each duct passes behind (dorsal to) bladder, it has appended to it a gland called the ___?

A

SEMINAL VESICLE.

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22
Q

Just prior to attachment of the seminal vesicle, the ductus enlarges into an ___?

A

AMPULLA

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23
Q

The ampulla is a position of sperm storage prior to ____?

A

ejaculation.

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24
Q

_____ provide secretions that make up most of seminal fluid.

A

Exocrine glands –

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25
Q

Fluid lubricates path of _____.

A

exiting sperm

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26
Q

Fluid is energy-rich (sugar rich) , providing

A

food for sperm

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27
Q

Secretions slightly alkaline – helps to

A

neutralize slightly acidic environment of vagina

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28
Q

promote uterine contractions to help facilitate sperm movement up uterus into fallopian tubes

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

29
Q

forms a temporary clot in vagina.

A

Fibrinogen-

30
Q

Once beyond the seminal vesicle, ductus is referred to as the _____. These are paired structures which empty into the prostatic urethra

A

ejaculatory duct

31
Q

Prostate is a mass of _____.

A

connective tissue, glandular tissue, and smooth muscle

32
Q

Prostate secretions:

A

Prostatic fluid
Clotting enzyme
profibrinolysin

33
Q

Pair of glands at base of prostate.

A

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

34
Q

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

Secretions:

A

Alkaline mucus.

Lubricant for urethra & glans of penis.

35
Q

ERECTION

Primarily a ____ function (,,_)

A

(point) PARASYMPATHETIC function (S2, S3, S4)

36
Q

ERECTION

Initiated by _____

A

sensory stimuli, including sensations conveyed via pudendal nerves

37
Q

EJACULATION

A _____FUNCTION!!

A

SYMPATHETIC

shoot

38
Q

Ejaculation

Sympathetic fibers innervate

A

smooth muscle of ductus deferens

39
Q

ejaculation

Peristalsis propels

A

sperm and seminal fluid out distal end of urethra.

40
Q

In females, only __ of the resulting cells will be viable and the other ___ degenerate

A

one

3

41
Q

Before first meiotic division in females, each germinal cell remains in ___?.

A

suspended development. (PRIMARY OOCYTE) (diploid)

42
Q

meosis in females

1st meiotic division is not completed until puberty, when__ triggers ovarian cycle.

A

FSH

43
Q

meosis in females

After 1st meiotic division, the remaining largest cell is the ___?

A 
SECONDARY OOCYTE (haploid).
.
44
Q

meosis in females

2nd meiotic division is not completed until

A

fertilization (haploid)

45
Q

At birth there are ~_____;

from birth to puberty decreases to 300-400,000….but only _____ will complete development to give rise to ____>

A

2million primary oocytes

300-400,000….but only (400 primary oocytes) will complete development to give rise to 2ndary oocytes

46
Q

Oogonia give rise ____.

A

oocytes

47
Q

Before birth oogonia multiply by __

A

mitosis.

48
Q

During fetal development oogonia begin ____, stopping in ____ and become _____.

A

meoisis

prophase I and become primary oocytes.

49
Q

Primary oocytes become ____

A

primordial follicles.

50
Q

After puberty, primordial follicles develop into____.

A

primary follicles

51
Q

_____ form when fluid filled vesicles develop and thecal cells arise on the outside of the follicle

A

Secondary follicles

52
Q

Just before ovulation, primary oocyte completes meisos I creating a _____

A

seconday oocyte and polar body (non viable)

53
Q

Secondary oocyte only completes meiosis II if _____

A

fertilized by a sperm cell

54
Q

Each primary oocyte is packaged in an epithelial vesicle called a ___?

A

FOLLICLE

55
Q

It is within follicle that 1st meiotic division is completed to create ____

A

secondary oocyte

56
Q

Ovarian cycle has 2 basic stages:

A 
Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)
Luteal phase (postovulatory phase
57
Q

development and maturation of primary oocyte into secondary oocyte within follicle. Release of secondary oocyte.

A

Follicular phase (preovulatory phase)

58
Q

degeneration of empty follicle and preparation of uterus for pregnancy.

A

Luteal phase (postovulatory phase) –

59
Q

fluid fills the antrum, and primary oocyte matures into secondary oocyte, almost ready to be released.

A

TERTIARY FOLLICLE (VESICULAR OVARIAN FOLLICLE, GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE) –

60
Q

follicular fluid develops between inner & outer layers of follicle

A

SECONDARY FOLLICLE – ____

61
Q

develops granulosa & thecal cells and zona pellucida

A

PRIMARY FOLLICLE – _____

62
Q

not yet growing.

A

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE – ____

63
Q

Luteal phase:

what is left of follicle after ovulation.

A

CORPUS LUTEUM –

64
Q

Corpus luteum secretes some ____ both of which are important in regulating female menstrual cycle.

A

ESTROGEN and mostly PROGESTERONE,

65
Q

degenerated follicle.

A

CORPUS ALBICANS –

66
Q

OVULATION is the release of a ____

A

secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

67
Q

ovulation

Occurs in response to high concentrations of _____.

A

Gonadotropins, primarily LH

68
Q

_____ is “ejected” from ovary directly through mass of ovarian wall.

A

Secondary oocyte

69
Q

____directs oocyte into fallopian tube, preventing movement into coelom.

A

Fimbria

Bio 224 (6 decks)

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