Chapter 13 Nephrons Flashcards by Stephanie Baeza

Nephron is smallest functional unit of the? And what is the function?

Kidney- filters blood

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Counter current exchange allows?

hyperconcentration of substances

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What is counter current exchange?

a pair of adjacent channels or tubes containing fluids flowing in opposite directions

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Inside a counter current exchange there are? which allow?

gradient in between the 2 channels/ tubes which allow a flow between the two currents

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when flowing in the same direction it is called?

equilibrium

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what does equilibrium mean?

it means it is not concentrated that you have not accumulated heat, ion, salt (solute), etc. and stored it away

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Why were we able to have create an electrical signal with the neurons?

Concentration Gradient, stored the ions / accumulated them somewhere and bc you accumulated them there was a difference / a gradient that you used
Stored it, created a concentration gradient and when you opened up the gate it releases the ions that go down the gradient

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Reaching equilibrium means ?

no gradient, there is no stored substance / energy to work with and that is a problem / something we do not want to use inside of the Kidneys

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The arrangement of tubes in THE SAME DIRECTION means that eventually

the concentration gradient will be reduced, and the flow will equalize across the two tubes

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The arrangement of tubes in OPPOSITE FLOW DIRECTIONS means

that even as the bottom tube starts with lower concentration and picks up solutes, it will not reach equilibrium and will continue to pickup solute, as the concentration gradient always leads from the top tube to the bottom tube..

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concentration is relatively higher in the?

top tube

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In the exchange system heat? which moves? Reaches? Preventing?

drops which lowers the temp. moves to the right doesn’t reach equilibrium preventing same gradient

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Exchange system allows you to

transfer as long as tubes are running togtehr

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Countercurrent Exchange Tubes are

going in different directions
Substance can be protein, ions, solute, etc.
In this example, it is heat transfer
Heat will move from the Hotter Tube to the Colder Tube

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countercurrent exchange system prevents

equilibrium because the gradient remains the same

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In the counter current exchange sytem what must you do to the tubes in order to reach equilibrium

make them longer, you get more and more concentrated

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Countercurrent Exchange –is in a _____Environment?

Cold Environment - you want to concentrate heat do not want it to go out – hold on to

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In Warmer Environment, the Venous return is going to be

superficial veins

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in a warm environment you want to

release heat / radiate heat out by taking arteriole blood which is coming from the core bc it is coming from the core it is carrying heat with it and you pump it out to the appendages

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In the Warmer Environment the best way to get rid of heat is to

carry the blood to the surface of the body where you can radiate the heat, sweat, the sweat evaporates & carries heat away with it – how you cool yourself down

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what caries the blood in the nephron system

efferent arteriole

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where does the filtration occur in the nephron system

glomerulus

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A COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE SYSTEM can only work if there is an

asymmetry in the system

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In the case of the kidney, salts are being transported to

concentrate salts in the urine.

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you are going to be able to conserve Water bc the more concentrated your urine is

the less water you are losing to your external environment, and the more you are retaining for yourself inside of your Body`

The reason we lose water in our urine is bc

some of the Waste Products that we are creating (like Protein breakdown) have to be dissolved in a solution in order for you to get rid of them so matter what you have to lose some water in order to get rid of some of the waste

the distal convulated tubule is a peice that?

afferent and efferent arterioles

Papilla is where

all the collecting ducts are emptying

after urine drians into the renal papila it drians into the ____ next?

minor calyx

there is a Mass of Cells at the Junction of the Arterioles in the DCT referred to as

apparatus

The major component of Blood is

plasma

the major component of plasma is

water

the major component of urine is

water

The more water you have the pressure

increases

the less water you have the pressure

decreases

So when you are dehydrated and do not have as much water in your system meaning pressure ____? What responds to it?

pressure decreases | Apparatus responds

Bowman’s Capsule / Glomerulus Capsule

has particular cells that are creating the lining

Filtration slits

Cells have extensions and the extensions coming off of the cells have gaps in between

Through the Filtration Slits you have access to the one layer

the Endothelium of the Capillary Wall

Why is the water flowing in that direction / what is driving it?

In essence, there is a little bit higher pressure inside of the Vessel than the outside of the Lumen Goes from the Lumen of the Blood Vessel into the Lumen of the Bowman’s Capsule and when that happens it carries dissolved substances with it

what you are trying to carry out of the Blood is? and into?

waste products and into the Lumen of the Bowman’s Capsule

Inside of the Bowman’s Capsule is? and goes to?

not urine yet but Filtrate – water with dissolved Solutes in it and it goes to the PCT

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

initiate concentration of glomerular filtrate

About __% of ____ removed by ___ transport here, and ____ follows passively.

75% of sodium is removed by active transport and chloride follows

Remaining fluid in nephron tube is about same concentration as that of surrounding ____.

interstiatial fluid

Remaining fluid reduces to about __% original volume

25%

What gives you a better opportunity to remove Waste Products

multiple filters so nothing gets clogged

We have created a filtrate which is inside of the _______ of the Nephron

Lumen of the tubules

What is in the Lumen is now (for all intends and purposes) ____ of your BODY

outside

If you are taking something like Water, fluid, salt, etc. and you take it out of the Lumen

you have filtered it and pushed it in to the Lumen with Water Pressure, Fluid Pressure, etc. now it is on the outside of your Body

if you then take some of the Fluid back into your Body that is called

reabsorption

*Na has a ___charge, Cl has a ___charge and how do they work together?

*Na+ has a positive charge, Cl- has a negative charge they are attracted to each other so when you actively remove the Na+ and you reabsorb the Na+ the Cl- is going to passively follow bc it is attracted to the Na+ so you are also going to reabsorb Cl-

loops of henle

Acts in manner of counter current exchanger

Note that each limb of loop has

fluid moving in opposite directions (even thought hey are connected at one end)

loops of henle further concentrates?

urine

Also means that salt concentration will be highest near ______.

bend in the loop

Ascending loop of henle put salts into?

interstiaital space

A concentration gradient IN THE INTERSTITIAL SPACE is being set up by the _____.

chloride transport

The Water is going to go out of the Lumen of the Tube and it goes into the Interstitial of the Medulla When that happens what happens to the concentration of the Water?

The solution gets more concentrated but not as concentrated than what is in the Interstitial of the Medulla, the Medulla is also getting more concentrated bc we already used the Ascending Limb to create / set up the Concentration Gradient You are still going to reabsorb Water

Concentrate the Solution because you reabsorb Water, gets more and more concentrated and by the time you get to the Bottom of the Loop of Henle it is? and the rate is?

the most concentrates | the rate is the fastest

As you go up the Ascending Loop of Henle, the rate of transfer

slows down ( the lowest rate of transfer & the lowest concentration getting pumped out)

whats the second chance to excrete/ get rid of waste products

DCT

In the DCT the gradient is in the?

interstial

The DCT is affecting the?

descending limb bc wate ris permeable there

If you make the system (Loop of Henle) longer, then you are going to be able to

concentrate urine even more

Second opportunity to concentrate

collecting duct

Once it comes out of the Collecting Duct, now you will not be able to? what you produce there is?

concentrate it anymore | what you produce there is as concentrated as you are going to make the urine / not filtering it out anymore

Collecting ducts recieves from many?

distal convulted tubules

By setting up a countercurrent system, a salt concentration gradient is set up in the

interstitial space of the Medulla

lower conc. next to the?

Cortex

As fluid in collecting tubules reacts to concentration gradient, water is ____, concentrating filtrate as ____.

pulled out | concentrating filtrate as urine

part that contains the convoluted tubules and proximal part of Loop of Henle, and proximal part of collecting tubules

cortex

contains distal part of Loop of Henle, and distal part of collecting tubules. Where most of the active transport takes place.

medulla

Kidneys are intimately tied to?

fluid regulation (water balance), and therefore blood pressure regulation

The way you increase Blood Volume is by increasing the amount of

water that is in your blood

The Amount of water to be removed or retained is controlled in part by the

kidneys

water gain is?

Ingested food and fluid; metabolic water

water loss

urine, feces, sweat, evaporation at lungs or skin.

Urine production controls

how much water you are going to lose in your urine affecting water balance

In regards to urine production, the most important hormone is

ADH (anti diuretic hormone)

ADH makes the DCT and collecting duct ___permeable to_____?

MORE permeable to water

Diuresis | Anti

– increasing urination / more urine, | – not going to produce as much urination