Ch 14 Flashcards
Nerve cells / Neuron that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream are called ___?
NEUROSECRETORY CELLS
In humans, neurosecretory cells are found in the ___?
HYPOTHALAMUS.
Nervous System Cells can act as ___?
Endocrine Cells
releasing the chemical into the blood stream is a ______/ releasing in the synaptic cleft is a ______ but it is the exact same thing / event happening)
hormone
neurotransmitter
Embryological Derivation:
***Hypothalamus is an outgrowth of brain, _______?.
***Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis) is an outgrowth of hypothalamus, ____?
***Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) develops as a superiorly directed outgrowth of roof of mouth, ____?
Neural Ectoderm
neural ectoderm.
ectoderm.
Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary aka _____?
Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary aka _____?
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Hypophysis is the Anatomic way of referring to the ____?
Pituitary Gland
Adenohypophysis is significant bc it tells you that Anterior Pituitary is actual Glandular Tissue so it can only come from ____?
Epithelia
hypothalmus and pituitary gland are inervated by __?
the brain
The Hypothalamic Neurons secrete ______ are going to come down the stalk, down the infundibulum and are actually going to terminate inside of the _____?
Neurohormones
Posterior Pituitary
HYPOTHALAMUS & PITUITARY GLAND
Arterial Supply: ______?
Venous Drainage:______?
circulus arteriosus cerebri
cavernous venous sinus
HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES (Released by___?
Neurohypophysis
Hypothalamic hormones enclosed in vesicles that move down ____ and accumulate near terminal ends that are close to the __ ___ ___?.
axon
posterior pituitary’s capillaries
In response to an action potential– hormones are released from vesicles (much like a neurotransmitter), in this case into __ __?
into venous capillaries
Oxytocin and Vasopressin are manufactured in the _____ but released in the ____ ____?
hypothalamus,
posterior pituitary
Hypothalamic Neurons aka ?
Neuroendocrine Cells aka Neurosecretory Cells
where does the Hypothalamic Hormones get released into
capillary beds
Hypothalamic hormones can have the effect of stimulating or inhibiting the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
Called____?
RELEASING HORMONES (“RH”) or INHIBITING HORMONES (“IH”)
HORMONES MANUFACTURED IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS but released by___ in the ____?
oxytocin and vassopressin
neurohypophysis in the posterior pituitary
OXYTOCIN –
initiates____?
stimulates _____ glands to release ___?
Stimulates?
bonding homone
initiates labor
stimulates mammary glands to release milk (not produce)
Stimulates uterine contractions in activities other than labor
VASOPRESSIN (___) – ___?
aka ADH
decreases urine output by increasing DCT and collecting duct permeability
Functions:
RELEASING HORMONES –
INHIBITING HORMONES –
manufactured / released by the ____?
stimulate release of the particular hormone from the anterior pituitary
inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones.
manufactured / released by the Hypothalamus
neurohypophysis is aka?
posterior pituitary
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) –
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) –
LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH)
MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
PROLACTIN (PRL)
P
GROWTH HORMONE (GH)
regulates growth; affects protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
controls secretion of hormones released by adrenal cortex, specifically glucocorticoids.
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
– controls secretion of thyroxin.
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
in females, stimulates maturation of egg cells; in males, stimulates nurse cells for sperm maturation.
LUTENIZING HORMONE (LH) –
in males, stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes. In females, stimulates release of ovum by ovary.
MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)
along with ACTH, affects pigment release in skin
PROLACTIN (PRL)
stimulates milk production.
FSH and LH are are referred to as ____ and their release is regulated by ______?
are referred to as Gonadotropin and their release is regulated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
pineal glands function
melatonin- sleep cycle
Thymus gland
Innervation: ____
Vagus Nerve (X), like any posterior gill slit structure
Thymus gland
Arterial Supply: _____
Venous Drainage: ___?
arterial Supply: branches from internal thoracic artery (branch of subclavian)
thymic veins to brachiocephalic vein.
Thymus gland
Function:
THYMOSIN, THYMUS HUMERAL FACTOR, THYMOPOIETIN – convert embryonic lymphocytes into T-cells.
THYROID GLAND
Innervation: _____
parathyroid hormone
Vagus Nerve (X)
Thyroid gland
Arterial Supply: ____?
Venous Drainage: ______?
superior and inferior thyroid arteries.
Superior, middle, & inferior thyroid veins. These are tributaries of internal jugular veins (superior & middle) and left brachiocephalic vein (inferior) respectively.
Thyroid gland
Functions:
THYROXIN –
CALCITONIN –
THYROXIN – regulate rate of metabolism
CALCITONIN – decreases levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing calcium excretion (partially antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
Function: PARATHYROID HORMONE (Parathormone or PTH) –
raises the level of calcium in the blood, by inhibiting osteoblasts and promoting osteoclasts, and promoting calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. Partially antagonistic to calcitonin of thyroid gland
adrenal gland
Development:
Adrenal cortex –
Adrenal medulla –
- mesoderm of posterior abdominal wall.
- neural crest cells that are derived from adjacent sympathetic ganglion
adrenal gland
Innervation:
Arterial Supply:
Venous Drainage:
adjacent sympathetic fibers. No significant parasympathetic innervation.
adrenal arteries
adrenal veins
ADRENAL GLAND
Adrenal Cortex, Function :
MINERALOCORTICOIDS –
ANDROGENS –
regulate sodium retention and potassium loss (e.g. aldosterone).
regulates control over rapid growth spurts in preadolescents.
ADRENAL GLAND
Adrenal Medulla, Function :
ADRENALINE (EPINEPHRINE) –
NORADRENALINE (NOREPINEPHRINE) –
increases heart rate and blood pressure.
constricts arterioles.
Pancrease Innervation: foregut: sympathetic – parasympathetic –
sympathetic – greater splanchnic nerve;
parasympathetic – Vagus nerve (X).
Pancrease
Arterial Supply:
Venous Drainage:
pancreaticoduodenal arteries (branches of celiac & superior mesenteric) pancreaticoduodenal vein is tributary of splenic vein
pancrease hormones
glucagon and insulin
glucagon is from? and its function is?
alpha cells and it raises blood glucose levels
function insulin and from where?
beta cells
lowers blood glucose levels
Ovaries
Innervation:
sympathetic –
parasympathetic –
sympathetic – similar to hindgut, level T12, follows least splanchnic nerve; parasympathetic – sacral outflow
ovary
Arterial Supply:
Venous Drainage:
Arterial Supply: ovarian artery, branch of abdominal aorta.
Venous Drainage: ovarian vein, dumps into inferior vena cava
what two hormones does ovaries produce
estrogen and progesterone
Functions of ovarian hormones and their secretions are tied to secretion of?
FSH and LH from anterior pituitary gland.
_____is thought to guide descent of testes into scrotum, and ultimately anchors testis to scrotal wall.
Gubernaculum
TESTES Innervation: sympathetic – parasympathetic – Arterial Supply: testicular artery. Branches off of abdominal aorta, however developmental proximity of kidney means they sometimes branch off of renal artery. Arteries follow the developmental track of testes, and can thus be very long.
Venous Drainage: testicular vein, dump into inferior vena cava. Form the pampiniform plexus.
sympathetic – similar to kidney, T10-T12, follows least splanchnic nerve, hook a ride down spermatic cord via testicular blood vessels;
parasympathetic – sacral outflow.
Testes
Arterial Supply: testicular artery.
Venous Drainage:
testicular artery
testicular vein, dump into inferior vena cava. Form the pampiniform plexus.
