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Chapter 16: Health & Stress Flashcards

1
Q

good stress vs. bad stress

A

good stress: beneficial, motivating us to work to achieve our goals and even enhancing our functioning
bad stress: reduce motivation and impair functioning

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2
Q

eustress

A

good stress: external circumstances, internal emotional experiences, and bodily responses that can be beneficial and motivating

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3
Q

distress

A

bad stress: external circumstances, internal emotional experiences, and bodily responses that can be harmful, reducing motivation, and impair functioning

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4
Q

Hans Selye

A

eustress and distress

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5
Q

marriage, having or adopting a child, getting a promotion at work, or being confronted with manageable challenges

A

eustress

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6
Q

being the victim of a crime, the loss or death of a loved one, failing a test, or experiencing challenges that you feel are beyond your capacity

A

distress

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7
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

outlines an inverted U-shaped curve for the relationship between stress and performance; too little or too much stress impairs performance (very little empirical evidence)

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8
Q

Maximal Adaptability Model

A

emphasizes that humans and other organisms are actually highly adaptive to stressors and can maintain high levels of performance even when experiencing underload or overload in terms of the demands of the environment

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9
Q

Tim’s mouth is dry, his palms are sweaty, and his heart is racing, as he approaches the stage to receive his diploma. Tim’s experience is best described as ___________.

A

eustress

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10
Q

Stress and Coping Theory

A

emphasizes the importance of appraisals of both the demands and a stressor and the resources available to deal with it in determining the outcome of stressor exposure

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11
Q

stressors

A

external circumstances and stimuli that are perceived as having the potential to disturb an individual’s balanced state

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12
Q

stress responses

A

internal integrated psychological and biological responses to stressors that work to restore a balanced state

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13
Q

The Stress Coping Theory emphasizes the importance of an individual’s _______ of an event in the stress process.

A

appraisal

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14
Q

Components of stress response

A
  • psychological: I will get a bad score on this test
  • emotions: fear and anxiety
  • biological: increased blood pressure and faster heart rate
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15
Q

Richard Lazarus and colleagues view stress as primarily a consequence of ______.

A

how a person appraises environmental events and the person’s coping resources

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16
Q

Who made the Stress and Coping Theory

A

Lazarus and Folkman

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17
Q

acute stressors

A

short-term external circumstances or stimuli, lasting minutes to hours, with the potential to disturb an individual’s balanced state

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18
Q

15-minute speech in public, taking an important exam, or realizing that you sent an embarrassing text to the wrong person are examples of _______

A

acute stressors

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19
Q

chronic stressors

A

enduring external circumstances or stimuli, lasting weeks to years, with the potential to disturb an individual’s balanced state

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20
Q

Living in poverty, caring for an elderly relative, and ongoing workplace stress are examples of ________

A

chronic stressors

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21
Q

traumatic stressors

A

threat to your own or another’s life or physical integrity

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22
Q

Experiencing or witnessing risks to life or physical integrity during war or combat, sexual assault, childhood abuse, natural disasters such as earthquakes and tornadoes, and major fires are examples of _______

A

traumatic stressors

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23
Q

Witnessing a school shooting

A

traumatic stressor

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24
Q

Being cut off in traffic

A

acute stressor

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25
Q

Living in a high crime neighbourhood

A

chronic stressor

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26
Q

Stressors produce _____ changes.

A

cognitive, emotional, physiological

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27
Q

homeostasis

A

the state when we are in balance

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28
Q

stress response is a combination of

A

alerts (that the scale is out of balance) and reactions (that restore balance)

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29
Q

amygdala

A
  • responds rapidly to potential stressors (sometimes even before conscious awareness)
  • neural watchdog
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30
Q

Where does the earliest stress response occur?

A

amygdala

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31
Q

hippocampus

A
  • central to learning and memory
  • important role in consolidation of new memories (humans are particularly prone to encoding memories of situations that elicit stress responses)
  • filter ongoing experiences through past experiences
  • imagine things that have not yet happened
  • can dampen responses based on memory
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32
Q

prefrontal cortex

A
  • higher-level processing of stimuli in our environment
  • increase or decrease our amygdala response to potential stressors based on perceptions of other factors that make the stressor more or less threatening
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33
Q

ANS

A
  • central stress response systems
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • two major branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • elicits cortisol responses to stressors
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34
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis

A
  • central stress response systems
  • regulates cortisol responses to stressors
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35
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • branches of autonomic nervous system
  • key role in switching on the stress response
  • promotes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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36
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • branches of autonomic nervous system
  • key role in regulating the stress response
  • promotes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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37
Q

Two branches of the ANS work together to maintain homeostasis through a process of reciprocal inhibition, where…

A

the activation of one system can suppress the other

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38
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • base of the brain
  • central to coordination of the ANS
  • promote activity in the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
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39
Q

activator of ANS?

A

sympathetic

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40
Q

regulator of ANS?

A

parasympathetic

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41
Q

Activation of sympathetic nervous system promotes release of stress hormones called

A

catecholamines (located at top of kidneys)

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42
Q

catecholamines

A
  • located at top of kidneys
  • crucial role in preparing body for fight-or-flight response
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43
Q

Activation of HPA axis: cascade of activities that ultimately promote the release of the stress hormone cortisol from the adrenal glands…

A

(1) amygdala sends signals to the hypothalamus (which is central to both ANS and HPA responses to stressors) to release corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
(2) CRH signals a gland located close to the hypothalamus called the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
(3) ACTH travels in the bloodstream to the adrenal glands, where it promotes the release of cortisol

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44
Q

meta-analysis

A

statistics of multiple studies to be combined in order to come up with a summary conclusion about a particular research question

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45
Q

People experiencing chronic stressors tend to show a _______ in cortisol response

A

flattening; lower levels of decline throughout the day

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46
Q

In humans, cortisol typically….

A

increases rapidly after awakening and then declines throughout the day until evening and bedtime

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47
Q

Activity in the ANS and HPA axis and the release of catecholamines and cortisol prepare the _____ to deal with perceived stressors

A

cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive systems

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48
Q

Activation of the fight-or-flight response suppresses the release of ______, which allows ________.

A

insulin by the pancreas, allowing glucose levels to increase

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49
Q

Cortisol facilitates the transformation of…

A

fatty acids into glucose

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50
Q

Digestive processes are suppressed to allow us to

A

direct more energy toward efforts to fight and flee

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51
Q

freeze response

A

bodily response that causes humans and other animals to become immobile in the face of perceived stressors

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52
Q

Although the stress response can enhance our survival, it is harmful if it…..

A

remains “switched on” for prolonged periods

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53
Q

feedback loops

A

system in which output from one system influences the output of another system by either increasing (positive feedback) or inhibiting (negative feedback) the second system

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54
Q

cortisol serves an important role in mobilizing bodily resources such as

A

glucose

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55
Q

cortisol can shut down the

A

HPA axis

56
Q

cortisol can bind to receptors on _____ and _____ to reduce the production of ____ and ______

A

hypothalamus; pituitary gland; CRH; ACTH

57
Q

Everyday acute stressors can activate the ___________ of the immune system

A

inflammatory response

58
Q

primary appraisals

A

your perceptions of the stressor’s characteristics and how much demand it represents, as well as its relevance for you

59
Q

secondary appraisals

A

your perceptions of the resources (external or internal) available for coping with a specific stressor

60
Q

Stress is evaluated from…

A

the perspective of the person experiencing the stressor.

61
Q

Challenge and Threat Theory

A

distinguishes between stressors based on the balance of the demands of a stressor and the resources to deal with it

62
Q

challenges

A

situations in which resources exceed the demands of the situation

63
Q

threats

A

situations in which demands exceed the resources available for coping

64
Q

Stressors involving danger, uncertainty, uncontrollability, novelty, and high levels of effort all have higher “demands” and are more likely to be perceived as…

A

threats

65
Q

Stressors involving the potential for positive outcomes and personal gain are more likely to be perceived as…

A

challenges

66
Q

content validity

A

extent to which a test captures all of which it is trying to measure

67
Q

To understand the relationship between real-world stressors and the potential negative consequences of that experience in humans, researchers conduct

A

correlational studies

68
Q

An event that is threatening for one person may be challenging for another: T/F?

A

True

69
Q

Correlational studies are complex because

A

Researchers must consider the fact that people have a range of different kinds of stressors in their lives - using a single index stressor fails to account for this level of complexity

70
Q

childhood stressors

A

stressors occurring before the age of 18

71
Q

Are people who are exposed to chronic and traumatic stressors in childhood more likely to develop major psychiatric disorders than those who are not exposed to such stressors?

A

Yes.

72
Q

Does childhood adversity depend on countries?

A

No - consistent throughout all of the countries

73
Q

Childhood stressors that most strongly increased risk for psychiatric disorders were…

A

family violence, abuse, and neglect, as well as parental history of substance use, mental illness, and criminality (increase by 30-140%)

74
Q

What stressors have smaller risk for psychiatric disorders?

A

parental divorce, death, family financial hardship

75
Q

T/F: stress is the direct cause of psychiatric disorders?

A

False

76
Q

Which set(s) of childhood stressors most strongly increased risks of psychiatric disorders? Select all that apply.

A
  • abuse
  • neglect
  • family violence
  • parental history of criminality
  • substance use
  • mental illness
77
Q

How many colds do adults experience per year?

A

2-3

78
Q

How many days does it take to get over a cold?

A

7-10 days

79
Q

Sheldon Cohen and colleagues study

A

exposed 394 healthy people (aged 18-54) to five different common respiratory viruses - those with the highest scores of stress on index had highest risk of developing clinical colds

80
Q

What emotional style is protective against developing the common cold in clinical trials?

A

positive emotional style; general trait-like tendency to experience more positive emotions

81
Q

_____ and _____ may impact risks for developing annoying short-term illnesses such as colds

A

stress and personality

82
Q

The key finding in the famous study conducted by Dr. Sheldon Cohen and colleagues (1991) was that volunteers injected with the cold virus…

A

were more likely to get sick if they experienced high levels of stress

83
Q

T/F: Personality traits may serve to reduce our risk of developing a cold when we are exposed to stressors.

A

True

84
Q

episodic course

A

a kind of disorder that involves sickness followed by periods of wellness such as that sickness recurs at intervals

85
Q

One such study of 90 children with moderate to severe asthma aimed to uncover the relationship between stressors and asthma attacks… what did the study find?

A

record their major life events using diaries that included a record of severe stressors and major chronic stressors, both of which were predicted to increase asthma attacks

86
Q

Risk for asthma attacks is measured by _____ which does what?

A

daily peak flow, measure of how well air moves out of lungs

87
Q

Greater exposure to stressors ______ the risk of having an asthma attack.

A

increased

88
Q

Combination of _____ and _____ stressors may _______ and increase the risk for adverse events in asthma.

A

chronic; severe; alter airway functioning

89
Q

latent virus

A

virus that stays dormant in bodily cells and then reactivates at intervals

90
Q

First-year medical students donated blood samples one month before exams, first day of their exam and during vacation… what did researchers find?

A

measured antibodies to latent viruses (HSV-1, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus)
- students experienced high levels of perceived stress during examinations and lower levels of perceived stress during their summer vacation
- antibody titers to the latent viruses varied across the time periods, with the highest concentrations occurring during examinations and significantly lower levels occurring during the summer vacation
- examination stressor was associated with activation of the latent viruses

91
Q

Examination stressor was associated with ______

A

activation of the latent viruses

92
Q

Acute stressors may ____ latent viruses

A

activate

93
Q

Psychological stressors on risk for a whole host of major chronic diseases as well, including ______ and _____.

A

cardiovascular disease (CVD) and autoimmune disorders

94
Q

Is there a link between acute stressors and CVD?

A

Yes (e.g., earthquakes)

95
Q

Determining the underlying causes of observations between stressor of earthquakes and illness is often challenging because…

A

major earthquakes are often accompanied by a whole host of negative events, including significant financial losses, lack of access to electricity that can lead to changes in water consumption and diet, being evacuated from one’s home, and sleep disruption - difficult for researchers to confirm a clear connection

96
Q

Is there a link between sports and CVD?

A

Yes

97
Q

Fans were more likely to experience ______ when their teams were playing important games in the soccer and rugby World Cup

A

arrythmias and heart attacks

98
Q

Acute stressors that influence CVD?

A

earthquakes and major sporting events

99
Q

Chronic stressors that influence cardiovascular health?

A

work-related stressors, relationship problems, and social isolation (and autoimmune diseases)

100
Q

Are deaths higher or lower when the preferred team wins?

A

lower

101
Q

Are deaths higher or lower when the preferred them loses?

A

higher

102
Q

Confounding factors that could explain correlation between sporting events and stress?

A

drinking more alcohol, sleeping less

103
Q

Whitehall study

A
  • 10,308 British civil servants over a 14-year period had their their exposure to job-related stress tracked along with the incidence of metabolic syndrome (precursor to CVD)
  • risk for metabolic syndrome increased with the number of times a person was exposed to job-related stressors
  • high levels of job strain associated with a 40-50% increased risk of CVD
104
Q

According to the Whitehall Study _________ are a major risk factor for _________, a precursor to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

A

job-related stressors; metabolic syndrome

105
Q

There is increasing evidence for the negative effect of acute and chronic stressors on cardiovascular health.

A

True

106
Q

Results indicated that veterans with PTSD had about _______ of being diagnosed with one of the autoimmune diseases

A

twice the risk

107
Q

Veterans who had been treated for military sexual trauma exposure had a ________ for autoimmune disorders, even when adjusting for the effects associated with PTSD.

A

significantly higher risk

108
Q

Is PTSD or military sexual trauma alone associated with the risk of developing major autoimmune disorders?

A

Yes - increases the risk

109
Q

Can childhood stressors can increase the risk for autoimmune disorders?

A

Yes

110
Q

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Study (by the Kaiser Permanente and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)

A
  • 15,357 adults reported their prior exposure to eight specific forms of stress in childhood, including childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; witnessing domestic violence; growing up with household substance abuse, mental illness, parental divorce, or an incarcerated household member
  • people with greater than or equal to two ACEs had a 70–100% increased risk for different types of autoimmune diseases
111
Q

The _____ of exposure to extreme stressors in childhood is _______ with the development of autoimmune diseases in adulthood.

A

degree; strongly associated

112
Q

Effects of stress on brain

A

headaches, difficulty sleeping, increased irritability and negative feelings, increased risk for mental disorders

113
Q

Effects of stress on the heart

A

increased blood pressure and heart rate and increased risk for cardiovascular disease

114
Q

Effects of stress on the immune system

A

increased susceptibility to infection, longer duration of infection and increased risk of autoimmune disorders

115
Q

Correlational studies indicate a relationship between extreme stressors in childhood and
______.

A

autoimmune diseases

116
Q

biological aging

A

tendency of cells to become unable to divide or function properly as we become older

117
Q

Eventually, this functional impairment and lack of cell renewal can cause a host of physical diseases that we call _______

A

diseases of aging

118
Q

diseases of aging

A

chronic diseases that tend to occur later in life (cardiovascular, autoimmune, neurodegenerative diseases)

119
Q

What is a commonly used marker of biological aging?

A

telomere length

120
Q

As we grow older, many cells in our body become…

A

functionally impaired and unable to divide to create new cells

121
Q

functional impairment and lack of cell renewal can cause a host of physical diseases that we call ___________

A

diseases of aging

122
Q

The marker used most commonly in this stress and aging research is the ________

A

telomere

123
Q

telomeres

A

DNA-protein complexes that cap chromosomes and protect against the damage to the DNA that encodes our genes - shorten over time, the length of the telomeres in our immune cells predicts our risk for a whole host of diseases of aging and death

124
Q

Longer telomeres are associated with ______

A

protection against disease and a longer lifespan

125
Q

___________ is an important mechanism of biological aging in general and of telomere shortening in particular

A

Chronic inflammation

126
Q

The data supported this line of reasoning, showing that a ___________ of caregiving for a chronically ill child was associated with ________

A

longer duration; shorter telomere length

127
Q

Higher levels of perceived stress were associated with _______

A

shorter telomere length

128
Q

What is a commonly used marker of biological aging?

A

telomere length

129
Q

People who maintain active lifestyle have lower death rates than sedentary people; even if they have CVD risk factors (high BP, cholesterol, diabetes) - T/F?

A

True

130
Q

Physical activity did not protect men from physician-diagnosed depression over 23–27 years of follow up - T/F?

A

False

131
Q

Strength of the relationship between stressor exposure and mental and physical health outcomes was reduced in _______ compared to ______

A

physically active compared to inactive people

132
Q

There may be other unmeasured factors that protect a person from poor health outcomes when they remain physically active - T/F?

A

True

133
Q

How does physical activity lead to better outcomes in the face of stressors?

A
  • change how our bodies can respond to stressors in our daily lives (make our autonomic nervous systems and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes more resilient to acute stressors)
134
Q

Maintaining a physically active lifestyle may protect us from the _______

A

accelerated biological aging associated with chronic perceived stress (but other explanations may be possible)

135
Q

People who maintain a physically active lifestyle tend to have different ________ than those who are physically inactive

A

personalities

136
Q

Physically active people tend to differ on the _________, showing higher levels of _____, _____, ______, ______, and lower levels of ______

A

Big Five personality traits
- extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness
- neuroticism

137
Q

Research findings suggest physical activity helps protect us from the effects of ________

A

acute and chronic stressors

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