Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
The study of psychological disorders is called
abnormal psychology
Normal and abnormal are ______ terms, meaning that our views are influenced by personal feelings, opinions, and experiences.
subjective; influenced by gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc.
What is one of the biggest influencers on our view of what is normal or abnormal
society
How do psychological disorders cause significant impairment in an individual’s life?
keep people from doing the things they need to do and want to do
What are the 4 D’s?
deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger
deviance
- departure from what is normal or usual
- behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are not in line with generally accepted standards
- measured against statistical standards or cultural views
Is underage drinking statistically deviant?
a pretty common occurrence—so it is definitely not
distress
behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are upsetting and cause pain, suffering, or sorrow
dysfunctional
dysfunctional behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are disruptive to one’s regular routine or interfere with day-to-day functioning
dangerous
behaviors, thoughts, and feelings may lead to harm or injury to self or others
Another important defining factor of psychological disorders is that they….
tend to be consistent over a span of time
Mental health professionals often rely on ______
clinical judgment
clinical judgment
mental health professionals’ use of previous professional experiences to inform clinical decision making
The American Psychological Association encourages the use of ______ in verbal and written communications when referring to individuals diagnosed with a psychological disorder
person-first language
person-first language
The practice of referring to a person first and their disability second
identity-first language
autistic person rather than person with autism
Person-first language is to ______________ as identity-first language is to ______________. (depression)
person with depression; depressed person
DSM is currently in what edition? Published when?
Fifth; May 2013
Who uses DSM in private practice?
A psychiatrist in an inpatient hospital, a psychologist in a primary care office, and a social worker in private practice
Who created the DSM?
American Psychiatric Association
DSM stands for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What forms the “gold standard” for psychological disorders, despite the prevalence of medical terminology.
DSM-5, together with the World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)
DSM-5 was preceded by ______, but between these two editions was ________, where ____ stands for ___________
DSM-IV (where IV is the Roman numeral 4); DSM-IV-TR; TR stands for technical revision
What order does DSM-5 follow?
lifespan
Major milestone in DSM-III in 1980
multi-axial diagnostic assessment (5 domains) - not in DSM 5
Instead of referencing 5 domains, the DSM-5 user need document only
one domain, but with references to two others: psychosocial and contextual factors, and disability…
How did DSM-5 replace the five domains in DSM-III?
documentation of one domain “with separate notations for important psychosocial/contextual factors (formerly Axis IV) and disability (formerly Axis V)
DSM-5 introduced significant changes to diagnostic categories, including more streamlined categories of…
autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Disorders that changed from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5
Autism, Asperger’s syndrome, mental retardation/Autism spectrum disorder intellectual disability
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disorders
Communication Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder
Specific Learning Disorder
Motor Disorders - Tic Disorders
Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders, which affect the brain and neurological systems, are typically first seen during
infancy and early childhood
Neurodevelopmental disorders are marked by impairments and deficits in multiple aspects of a child’s life, including
academic ability, social functioning, and behavioral problems.
Children with neurodevelopmental disorders are delayed in
reaching milestones for speech and language, motor skills, and learning, problems with retention of information
As a child grows older and learns to compensate for the deficits they experience…
the symptoms and behaviors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders may change or evolve
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective Disorder
Substance / Medication-Induces Psychotic Disorder
Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder
Catatonic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Unspecified Catatonia
Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DL
Unspecified Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorder
General symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders
- lost touch with reality and have a hard time
- thinking clearly
- making good judgments
- communicating effectively
Key symptoms of schizophrenia disorders that differentiate them from other disorders
positive symptoms (addition) and negative symptoms (subtraction)
Positive psychotic symptoms
Behaviors that were not present before the onset of the disorder - appear during the course of the psychotic disorder and not typically seen in healthy individuals
Examples of positive psychotic symptoms
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized thinking
- abnormal motor behaviours
Delusions
strong beliefs that are not founded in reality; do not waver even when presented with evidence
An individual may believe they are being followed or harassed by the government.
delusion
Hallucinations
sensory experiences that do not have a source - all senses
An individual may hear voices when no one is speaking.
hallucination
disorganized thinking
typically be discerned from a person’s speech and may entail switching from one topic to another in a nonsensical way or speaking in a jumbled, incoherent fashion
abnormal motor behaviors
can range from excessive and agitated movements to complete stillness and rigidity of the body
Negative psychotic symptoms
behaviors typically observed in healthy individuals that an individual experiencing psychosis does not do
Examples of negative psychotic disorders
- flat affect
- avolution
- alogia
flat affect
reduced expression of emotions through facial expressions, tone of voice, or body language
avolition
decreased motivation to start or follow-through on activities such as school, work, or self-care
alogia
a reduction in speech output
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder
Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder
manic episode
increased energy and activity and may include psychotic symptoms - need less sleep, talk excessively, have a hard time focusing, and engage in impulsive behaviors
An individual may demonstrate impaired judgment by engaging in risky or dangerous activities, such as gambling, extravagant shopping sprees, or sexual escapades
bipolar manic episode
A college student may complete all of their homework for the semester in a few days
bipolar manic episode
The opposite of a manic episode is a
depressive episode
depressive episode is marked by
sad mood and loss of interest or pleasure - extreme, recognition of consequences of manic episode may trigger it
Major depressive disorder prevalence
more than 7%, more than 20% of adults will experience it at one point
Women are two to three times more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression - T/F? why?
True; may be explained by hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, miscarriage, and menopause, which have pronounced effects on mood… societal pressures make men less likely to report their symptoms (cope with drugs/alcohol)
Major depressive disorder is characterized by
either sad mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable… significant increases or decreases in weight (without trying), appetite, or sleep patterns… headaches, digestive problems, agitation, and lethargy
An individual with major depressive disorder may also experience
feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
fear
response to current threats - thoughts of immediate danger and physical symptoms that facilitate escape behaviors, such as increased heart rate, shallow breathing, and sweating
anxiety
worry about future threats - thoughts of future danger, cautious or avoidant behaviors, and muscle tension.
Anxiety Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety is a…
normal emotion and is adaptive in a lot of ways; becomes disorder when it interferes with ability to function
somatic
something that is specifically related to the body and not the mind
somatic symptom and related disorders is characterized by an intense focus on symptoms of
physical illness or pain.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptoms Disorder)
Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions
Factitious Disorder
- Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
- Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another
Other Specified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder
Unspecified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder
A somatic symptom may be diagnosed when the…
level of impairment the individual reports is over and beyond what would be expected in the course of illness
Does diagnoses in the somatic category imply that physical symptoms are not real?
No - but it possible for an individual to experience symptoms that do not have a medical explanation
Somatic symptom and related disorders cannot be diagnosed until
actual physical causes of the reported symptoms have been ruled out.
Difference between feeding disorder and eating disorder
feeding disorder: seen in infants and children; result of food preferences/perceived intolerances
eating disorder: onset in adolescence and adulthood; emotional response to food
ARFID and anorexia nervosa: similarities and differences
- similarities: restriction of food intake and low body weight
- differences: intense fear of weight gain VS. picky eating
The majority of disorders in the feeding and eating disorders category have _______ criteria
mutually exclusive (pica is exception)
pica
eating of non-food substances, like dirt, hair, or soap, on a regular basis
Feeding and Eating Disorder
Pica
Rumination Disorder
Avoidant I Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge Eating Disorder
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder
Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder
binge eating disorder prevalence in men
2% in men
BED: what is it and how to get diagnosed
loss of control, a sense that they cannot stop eating, even when they want to, feel disgusted and guilty after - binge at least once a week for three months
Does BED involve taking a laxative/purging?
No.
BED did not exist until
DSM-5
BED occurs in people who
are trying to lose weight
A key feature of the disorder is a feeling of…
distress, disgust, depression, or guilt following a binge eating episode
Bulimia nervosa
binge-purge cycle - may be followed by depression
