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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

​The study of psychological disorders is called

A

abnormal psychology

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2
Q

Normal and abnormal are ______ terms, meaning that our views are influenced by personal feelings, opinions, and experiences.

A

subjective; influenced by gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, etc.

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3
Q

What is one of the biggest influencers on our view of what is normal or abnormal

A

society

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4
Q

How do psychological disorders cause significant impairment in an individual’s life?

A

keep people from doing the things they need to do and want to do

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5
Q

What are the 4 D’s?

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

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6
Q

deviance

A
  • departure from what is normal or usual
  • behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are not in line with generally accepted standards
  • measured against statistical standards or cultural views
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7
Q

Is underage drinking statistically deviant?

A

a pretty common occurrence—so it is definitely not

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8
Q

distress

A

behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that are upsetting and cause pain, suffering, or sorrow

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9
Q

dysfunctional

A

dysfunctional behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are disruptive to one’s regular routine or interfere with day-to-day functioning

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10
Q

dangerous

A

behaviors, thoughts, and feelings may lead to harm or injury to self or others

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11
Q

Another important defining factor of psychological disorders is that they….

A

tend to be consistent over a span of time

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12
Q

Mental health professionals often rely on ______

A

clinical judgment

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13
Q

clinical judgment

A

mental health professionals’ use of previous professional experiences to inform clinical decision making

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14
Q

The American Psychological Association encourages the use of ______ in verbal and written communications when referring to individuals diagnosed with a psychological disorder

A

person-first language

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15
Q

person-first language

A

The practice of referring to a person first and their disability second

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16
Q

identity-first language

A

autistic person rather than person with autism

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17
Q

Person-first language is to ______________ as identity-first language is to ______________. (depression)

A

person with depression; depressed person

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18
Q

DSM is currently in what edition? Published when?

A

Fifth; May 2013

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19
Q

Who uses DSM in private practice?

A

A psychiatrist in an inpatient hospital, a psychologist in a primary care office, and a social worker in private practice

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20
Q

Who created the DSM?

A

American Psychiatric Association

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21
Q

DSM stands for?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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22
Q

What forms the “gold standard” for psychological disorders, despite the prevalence of medical terminology.

A

DSM-5, together with the World Health Organisation’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)

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23
Q

DSM-5 was preceded by ______, but between these two editions was ________, where ____ stands for ___________

A

DSM-IV (where IV is the Roman numeral 4); DSM-IV-TR; TR stands for technical revision

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24
Q

What order does DSM-5 follow?

A

lifespan

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25
Q

Major milestone in DSM-III in 1980

A

multi-axial diagnostic assessment (5 domains) - not in DSM 5

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26
Q

Instead of referencing 5 domains, the DSM-5 user need document only

A

one domain, but with references to two others: psychosocial and contextual factors, and disability…

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27
Q

How did DSM-5 replace the five domains in DSM-III?

A

documentation of one domain “with separate notations for important psychosocial/contextual factors (formerly Axis IV) and disability (formerly Axis V)

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28
Q

DSM-5 introduced significant changes to diagnostic categories, including more streamlined categories of…

A

autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders

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29
Q

Disorders that changed from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5

A

Autism, Asperger’s syndrome, mental retardation/Autism spectrum disorder intellectual disability

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30
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

Intellectual Disorders
Communication Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder
Specific Learning Disorder
Motor Disorders - Tic Disorders
Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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31
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders, which affect the brain and neurological systems, are typically first seen during

A

infancy and early childhood

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32
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders are marked by impairments and deficits in multiple aspects of a child’s life, including

A

academic ability, social functioning, and behavioral problems.

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33
Q

Children with neurodevelopmental disorders are delayed in

A

reaching milestones for speech and language, motor skills, and learning, problems with retention of information

34
Q

As a child grows older and learns to compensate for the deficits they experience…

A

the symptoms and behaviors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders may change or evolve

35
Q

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

A

Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder

Delusional Disorder

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Schizophreniform Disorder

Schizophrenia

Schizoaffective Disorder

Substance / Medication-Induces Psychotic Disorder

Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Catatonia Associated with Another Mental Disorder

Catatonic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Unspecified Catatonia

Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic DL

Unspecified Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorder

36
Q

General symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

A
  • lost touch with reality and have a hard time
  • thinking clearly
  • making good judgments
  • communicating effectively
37
Q

Key symptoms of schizophrenia disorders that differentiate them from other disorders

A

positive symptoms (addition) and negative symptoms (subtraction)

38
Q

Positive psychotic symptoms

A

Behaviors that were not present before the onset of the disorder - appear during the course of the psychotic disorder and not typically seen in healthy individuals

39
Q

Examples of positive psychotic symptoms

A
  • delusions
  • hallucinations
  • disorganized thinking
  • abnormal motor behaviours
40
Q

Delusions

A

strong beliefs that are not founded in reality; do not waver even when presented with evidence

41
Q

An individual may believe they are being followed or harassed by the government.

A

delusion

42
Q

Hallucinations

A

sensory experiences that do not have a source - all senses

43
Q

An individual may hear voices when no one is speaking.

A

hallucination

44
Q

disorganized thinking

A

typically be discerned from a person’s speech and may entail switching from one topic to another in a nonsensical way or speaking in a jumbled, incoherent fashion

45
Q

abnormal motor behaviors

A

can range from excessive and agitated movements to complete stillness and rigidity of the body

46
Q

Negative psychotic symptoms

A

behaviors typically observed in healthy individuals that an individual experiencing psychosis does not do

47
Q

Examples of negative psychotic disorders

A
  • flat affect
  • avolution
  • alogia
48
Q

flat affect

A

reduced expression of emotions through facial expressions, tone of voice, or body language

49
Q

avolition

A

decreased motivation to start or follow-through on activities such as school, work, or self-care

50
Q

alogia

A

a reduction in speech output

51
Q

Bipolar and Related Disorders

A

Bipolar I Disorder

Bipolar II Disorder

Cyclothymic Disorder

Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder

Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorder

52
Q

manic episode

A

increased energy and activity and may include psychotic symptoms - need less sleep, talk excessively, have a hard time focusing, and engage in impulsive behaviors

53
Q

An individual may demonstrate impaired judgment by engaging in risky or dangerous activities, such as gambling, extravagant shopping sprees, or sexual escapades

A

bipolar manic episode

54
Q

A college student may complete all of their homework for the semester in a few days

A

bipolar manic episode

55
Q

The opposite of a manic episode is a

A

depressive episode

56
Q

depressive episode is marked by

A

sad mood and loss of interest or pleasure - extreme, recognition of consequences of manic episode may trigger it

57
Q

Major depressive disorder prevalence

A

more than 7%, more than 20% of adults will experience it at one point

58
Q

Women are two to three times more likely than men to be diagnosed with depression - T/F? why?

A

True; may be explained by hormonal changes during puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, miscarriage, and menopause, which have pronounced effects on mood… societal pressures make men less likely to report their symptoms (cope with drugs/alcohol)

59
Q

Major depressive disorder is characterized by

A

either sad mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable… significant increases or decreases in weight (without trying), appetite, or sleep patterns… headaches, digestive problems, agitation, and lethargy

60
Q

An individual with major depressive disorder may also experience

A

feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

61
Q

fear

A

response to current threats - thoughts of immediate danger and physical symptoms that facilitate escape behaviors, such as increased heart rate, shallow breathing, and sweating

62
Q

anxiety

A

worry about future threats - thoughts of future danger, cautious or avoidant behaviors, and muscle tension.

63
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Selective Mutism

Specific Phobia

Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)

Panic Disorder

Agoraphobia

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Other Specified Anxiety Disorder

Unspecified Anxiety Disorder

64
Q

Anxiety is a…

A

normal emotion and is adaptive in a lot of ways; becomes disorder when it interferes with ability to function

65
Q

somatic

A

something that is specifically related to the body and not the mind

66
Q

somatic symptom and related disorders is characterized by an intense focus on symptoms of

A

physical illness or pain.

67
Q

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

A

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptoms Disorder)

Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions

Factitious Disorder
- Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self
- Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another

Other Specified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder

Unspecified Somatic Symptom and Related Disorder

68
Q

A somatic symptom may be diagnosed when the…

A

level of impairment the individual reports is over and beyond what would be expected in the course of illness

69
Q

Does diagnoses in the somatic category imply that physical symptoms are not real?

A

No - but it possible for an individual to experience symptoms that do not have a medical explanation

70
Q

Somatic symptom and related disorders cannot be diagnosed until

A

actual physical causes of the reported symptoms have been ruled out.

71
Q

Difference between feeding disorder and eating disorder

A

feeding disorder: seen in infants and children; result of food preferences/perceived intolerances
eating disorder: onset in adolescence and adulthood; emotional response to food

72
Q

ARFID and anorexia nervosa: similarities and differences

A
  • similarities: restriction of food intake and low body weight
  • differences: intense fear of weight gain VS. picky eating
73
Q

The majority of disorders in the feeding and eating disorders category have _______ criteria

A

mutually exclusive (pica is exception)

74
Q

pica

A

eating of non-food substances, like dirt, hair, or soap, on a regular basis

75
Q

Feeding and Eating Disorder

A

Pica

Rumination Disorder

Avoidant I Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Anorexia Nervosa

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge Eating Disorder

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder

Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder

76
Q

binge eating disorder prevalence in men

A

2% in men

77
Q

BED: what is it and how to get diagnosed

A

loss of control, a sense that they cannot stop eating, even when they want to, feel disgusted and guilty after - binge at least once a week for three months

78
Q

Does BED involve taking a laxative/purging?

A

No.

79
Q

BED did not exist until

A

DSM-5

80
Q

BED occurs in people who

A

are trying to lose weight

81
Q

A key feature of the disorder is a feeling of…

A

distress, disgust, depression, or guilt following a binge eating episode

82
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

binge-purge cycle - may be followed by depression

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