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Chapter 10: Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

Average IQ score?

A

100

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2
Q

Flynn effect

A

on average, IQ scores were rising even on tests which are supposed to be immune to cultural influences; controversial since it implies that on average, most people several generations back were quite unintelligent

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3
Q

Who created a lot of controversy when they published the results of a series of studies that seem to indicate that average scores on IQ tests were increasing over time?

A

James Flynn

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4
Q

The three main explanations to identify the precise cause(s) of the apparent change in IQ scores over time:

A
  • Better nutrition and health care.
  • Better education, including more abstract thinking and knowledge of (and need for) science (in the post-industrial society,
  • Increasing complexity of our environment due to changing technology
    *FLYNN EFFECT IS DECLINING/REVERSING
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5
Q

Francis Galton is whose cousin?

A

Charles Darwin

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6
Q

Francis Galton used what kinds of measures and methods? And for what reason?

A

empirical; for precise measurement

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7
Q

Galton conceptualized that one’s general cognitive ability (g) was the product of what things (2)?

A

heredity/physiological measures (eye colour, hair colour) (g) and measures of one’s sensitivities to perceptual differences (reaction time, body proportions, muscular power, and sensory acuity, weight discrimination, pitch sensitivity)

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8
Q

Was Galton successful to support his hypothesis?

A

No.

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9
Q

Who plotted the normal distribution/bell curve?

A

Galton

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10
Q

Although many biological features are _____, it is poor logic to assume that they are necessarily _____ (Galton’s conclusion)

A

normally distributed; biologically innate

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11
Q

Galton: nature or nurture

A

nature (intelligence formed a normal distribution, it was biologically innate, like a person’s height)

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12
Q

Binet: nature or nurture?

A

nurture; mental exercises can improve performance

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13
Q

Galton: nature or nurture?

A

nature

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14
Q

Who suggested Lewis Terman to incorporate the intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A

William Stern

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15
Q

What did Terman find after testing 905 children?

A
  • distribution of scores was approximately normal
  • the scores matched the assessment by teachers of each student’s intelligence, which suggested some validity to the test
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16
Q

What were Wechsler’s three tests?

A

the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III0), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

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17
Q

WAIS contains several figural tests known as ____, and what are they?

A

performance tests; designed to assess an individual’s ability to detect non-obvious patterns and use them to answer a question; standardized way of seeing how well people can “read between the lines.”

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18
Q

Who is the founder of eugenics?

A

Sir Francis Galton

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19
Q

When did eugenics become popular in the US?

A

early 1900s, preventing “less-desirable” people from having children and passing on their perceivably inferior DNA

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20
Q

What does eugenics prevent?

A

“less-desirable” people (depending on class or race) from having children and passing on their perceivably inferior DNA

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21
Q

Eugenics is based on _____

A

social Darwinism

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22
Q

Why is social Darwinism is now largely discredited?

A

misunderstood Darwin’s theory as claiming that the strong survive while the weak perish; dramatic oversimplification of Darwin’s theory

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23
Q

Terman’s recommendations on eugenics (2):

A
  • believed that these people should be steered into lower status and more menial jobs
  • people of low IQ should be sterilized without their consent to prevent them from reproducing and thereby increasing the number of individuals with low intelligence
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24
Q

Did Terman believe in eugenics?

A

Yes (white people had the highest intelligence).

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25
Q

Terman’s test results on eugenics:

A

non-white ethnicities inevitably came up with lower scores for the individuals he tested

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26
Q

Why did Terman get the results that he did?

A
  • many did not understand English well or at all
  • many of them had little knowledge of American culture, which also reduced their score on the test
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27
Q

Terman’s assumptions

A
  • because IQ scores fell on a normal distribution, the scores were valid measures of innate intelligence
  • one’s place in society was determined solely by intelligence, but in times of widespread and overt prejudice and discrimination
    (failure to look at confounding variables)
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28
Q

Scores on various portions of intelligence tests likely reflected the test taker’s ______ as opposed to their ______

A

socioeconomic status; innate intelligence

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29
Q

Measured differences in scores across groups may also be due to systematic differences between the environments of test takers… (3)

A
  • adequate nutrition, quality of attachment between parent and caregiver, and even reliable access to books in the home all correlate with measures of intelligence
  • questionable whether tests such as Raven’s Progressive Matrices are not driven to some degree by features specific to the test
  • consensus of scholars in evolutionary biology and anthropology that racial distinctions fail because “they are not genetically distinct, are not reliably measured, and are not scientifically meaningful”
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30
Q

Researchers believe that several characteristics that correlate with modern measures of intelligence were shared by other species of Homo…

A

meaning some of these abilities are older than humans

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31
Q

stereotype threat

A

refers to the risk of confirming negative expectations about one’s social group

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32
Q

Two important intervening variables that are found between one’s intelligence and one’s performance on intelligence test:

A
  • stereotype threat
  • how we conceptualize intelligence
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33
Q

role of stereotype threat

A
  • feel pressure to not provide evidence supporting negative stereotypes of the group to which they belong
  • increases their anxiety while taking the test and divides their attention from the task at hand; consequently degrading performance
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34
Q

If you think your intelligence is fixed..

A

you would likely perceive personal failures as the result of your lower intelligence; trying seems pointless

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35
Q

If you think your intelligence is malleable…

A

failure is not so devastating because it simply indicates that more effort is needed or different strategies are needed

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36
Q

mental structure of representations, attitudes, and interpretations that affects how one evaluates information and thereby responds to situations

A

mindset

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37
Q

Can mindset have an impact on performance?

A

Yes.

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38
Q

Is it likely that your attitude and manner of identification with your intelligence actually changes your intelligence?

A

No; more likely that stereotype threat and mindset are intervening

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39
Q

Evidence shows that your IQ is not constant in adulthood. T/F?

A

False; it is constant

40
Q

Equally valuable traits as intelligence

A

rationality and expertise

41
Q

How is mindfulness good for cognitive function? (2)

A
  • change working memory function and attention
  • can resist the decline in intelligence that comes with age and improve brain function
42
Q

Men are better at ____? Women are better at ____?

A

visuospatial tasks, aiming at target; verbal abilities

43
Q

use of statistical measures to determine how much variables are related to each other in order to find clusters called “factors.”

A

factor analysis

44
Q

g

A

general factor of intelligence (general intelligence, general cognitive abilities)

45
Q

Who initiated the use of factor analysis?

A

Charles Spearman

46
Q

What did Charles Spearman find when studying intelligence?

A
  • schoolchildren’s grades in various subjects were positively correlated with each other
  • students tended to score similarly across different academic subjects despite the dramatic differences in the subject matter
47
Q

If students’ scores are similar across the high jump, long jump, hurdles, and sprinting (where scores are highly correlated), then it would be reasonable to recognize these items as part of…

A

one factor

48
Q

The lack of relatedness between two tasks mean they are from

A

different factors

49
Q

Who introduced the g-factor?

A

Charles Spearman

50
Q

Who hypothesized that intelligence is made up of two levels?

A

Spearman

51
Q

What are the two levels of intelligence?

A
  • higher-order level of general intelligence (g)
  • lower-order specialized abilities that are specific to certain subjects or tasks (s)
52
Q

Difference between higher and lower levels of intelligence?

A
  • higher: an ability that you can apply to any content area
  • lower: more specialized version of this general ability; can only be applied to more limited content areas
53
Q

s

A

specific level of intelligence

54
Q

Who contradicted Spearman’s theory of a general intelligence factor?

A

Louis Thurstone

55
Q

What did Thurstone conclude?

A

intelligence is made up of seven factors that he referred to as primary mental abilities

56
Q

Induction of a pattern from a sequence and deduction of a conclusion from some premises

A

reasoning

57
Q

Trying to identify the differences and similarities between two stimuli

A

perceptual speed

58
Q

Repeat back a sequence given to you

A

memory

59
Q

Similar to Raven’s Progressive Matrices

A

spatial visualization

60
Q

What is 23 times 15

A

numeric abilities

61
Q

Recognizing synonyms and antonyms

A

Verbal Comprehension

62
Q

Generate as many words that start with S as possible in 5 minutes, then as many as possible that start with C in 4 minutes

A

word fluency

63
Q

The seven primary mental abilities are:

A
  • word fluency
  • verbal comprehension
  • numeric abilities
  • spatial visualization
  • memory
  • perceptual speed
  • reasoning
64
Q

Who tried to reconcile Spearman’s theories regarding two levels of intelligence with Thurstone’s theory of primary mental abilities?

A

Raymond Cattell

65
Q

What kind of model did Raymond Cattell try to create?

A

hierarchical

66
Q

What does Cattell’s hierarchial structure look like?

A

top is general intelligence, which comprised two major factors found at the intermediary level: fluid general intelligence (Gf) and crystallized general intelligence (Gc)

67
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to think and solve problems in complex and novel situations in a flexible manner without relying primarily in the knowledge you already possess

68
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

ability to solve problems and reason about situations because of knowledge you already possess

69
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

ability to change one’s attention accordingly; involves breaking out of standard and/or automatic forms of behaviour (knowing when to apply knowledge)

70
Q

Why do fluid and crystallized intelligence also have a complex developmental relationship?

A

Initially, they are highly correlated, but they diverge in adult life and continue to do so for the rest of the lifespan.

71
Q

Who came up with the Wisdom Paradox?

A

Elkhonon Goldberg

72
Q

Wisdom Paradox

A

We seem to get wiser as we age even though our intelligence goes down with age; intelligence is a fixed trait while rationalities and skills are abilities that can be increased with training and practice.

73
Q

________’s theory of triarchic intelligence

A

Sternberg

74
Q

Three different content areas in Sternberg’s theory of triarchic intelligence?

A
  • analytical intelligence
  • creative intelligence
  • practical intelligence
75
Q

analytical intelligence

A

the kind of intelligence that is used in a standard IQ test such as mathematic reasoning

76
Q

creative intelligence

A

ability to solve problems in novel situations often by demonstrating cognitive flexibility

77
Q

practical intelligence

A

ability to solve problems in real-world settings

78
Q

Criticisms for Sternberg’s theory

A
  • all three intelligences were strongly related to each other
  • there was no evidence for practical intelligence being separate from g
79
Q

What kind of intelligence uses all three components of Sternberg’s theory? What does it do?

A

successful intelligence; helps one perform in the greatest possible variety of contexts

80
Q

Who proposed the concept of multiple intelligences?

A

Howard Gardner

81
Q

multiple intelligences:

A

There are many intelligences that apply to specific domains of human behaviour; Gardner claims this is reflected in those domains where we find prodigies

82
Q

Who many sources of intelligence did Gardener propose?

A

Eight; four are central

83
Q

Gardner’s eight types of intelligence include:

A

– Bodily-kinesthetic
– Interpersonal
– Verbal-linguistic
– Logical-mathematical
– Naturalistic
– Intra-personal
– Visual-spatial
– Musical

84
Q

True or false: there has been little evidence other than some case studies for multiple intelligences.

A

True.

85
Q

Why is it not appropriate to think that 50% of your intelligence is genetic and 50% is environmental?

A
  • it is probable that the biological and the cultural evolution of intelligence are deeply intertwined
  • it is extremely unlikely that there is a “gene for intelligence”; probably based on many genes, and various combinations of these genes can be turned off and on by environmental changes
86
Q

So while it is safe to say that some significant proportion of the variance in intelligence is due to heritable genetic factors, we should not simplistically conclude that

A

50% is genetic and 50% is environmental

87
Q

In family studies in which one sees if biologically related individuals are more similar in intelligence than non-related individuals and whether the similarity increases with biological relatedness… what are the results? Is intelligence heritable?

A

There are consistent findings that intelligence level is heritable.

88
Q

self-enhancement bias

A

the tendency to judge one’s performance better than the average without any evidence of special expertise or training

89
Q

How did Sir Francis Galton purport to measure differences in abilities?

A

Using multiple physiological measures

90
Q

Galton’s measurements predicted academic success. (T/F)

A

F

91
Q

Galton collected data from many patrons and found that most characteristics cluster around some value, but also have variability that is known as the _________.

A

standard deviation

92
Q

Why are Galton’s tests not predictive of each other?

A

they had low concurrent validity, nor were they predictive of academic success (i.e., they had low predictive validity)

93
Q

functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI)

A

physiological measures of intelligence has re-emerged with neuroscience and new technologies

94
Q

Galton concluded that since intelligence formed a normal distribution, it was ______

A

biologically innate

95
Q

Recognizing synonyms and antonyms

A

Verbal Comprehension

96
Q

Trying to identify the differences and similarities between two stimuli

A

perceptual speed

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