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Molec and Cell > Chapter 16: Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

This cell structure is dynamic, adaptable, and made up of individual units to form large structures

A

cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What is the basic function of the cytoskeleton

A

spatial and mechanical function

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3
Q

What are the 3 protein families/filaments components of a cellular cytoskeleton

A
  1. intermediate (keratin)
  2. microtubules
  3. microfilaments (actin)
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4
Q

What are 3 functions of cytoskeletal accessory proteins

A
  1. link and anchor filaments
  2. control filament assembly
  3. motor protein function
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5
Q

These cytoskeletal components twist into tight cables to provide mechanical strength and sheer resistance

A

intermediate filaments (keratin)

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6
Q

Where are intermediate filaments (keratin) found in the cell?

A
  1. nuclear lamina
  2. epithelial sheets via desmosomes
  3. Cytosol
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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of intermediate filaments (keratin)?

A
  1. stabilize epithelium sheets
  2. aid in axonal extension
  3. form nails and hair
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8
Q

These cytoskeletal components form hollow tubes that determine the position of organelles within a cell

A

microtubules

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9
Q

What are 3 functions of microtubules (other than organelle positioning)

A
  1. motor protein guides
  2. form mitotic spindles
  3. form locomotive structures (flagella/cillia)
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10
Q

In what organisms are microtubules found?

A

ALL eukaryotes

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11
Q

What are the microtubule subunits?

A
  1. alpha tubulin
  2. beta tubulin
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12
Q

This microtubule subunit has exposed GTP in the heterodimer to allow for lengthening; this is also what determines the “plus” side

A

beta tubulin

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13
Q

What two features of microtubule locomotive structures (flagella and cilia) allow for whip-like movement?

A
  1. dynein arms
  2. nexin proteins
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14
Q

This protein allows microtubule structures to slide against one another to produce shifting movement

A

dynein arms

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15
Q

This protein connects microtubule structures in cilia and flagella to allow for bending when tubules slide against eachother

A

nexin proteins

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16
Q

These filaments are present in ALL eukaryotic cells to aid in whole cell locomotion

A

microfilaments (actin)

17
Q

What are the functions of actin filaments?

A
  1. whole-cell locomotion
  2. form cell surface projections
18
Q

What are 4 locations where microfilaments (actin) are found?

A
  1. lameliopodia + filipodia
  2. stereocilia hair cells
  3. cytokinetic contractile rings
  4. muscle cells
19
Q

What energy source do actin filaments use to polymerize?

A

ATP/ADP

20
Q

What are the two forms of microtubule/microfilament subunits?

A

T “nTP” and D “nDP”

21
Q

What end of microtubule/microfilament polymers is easier to polymerize? and why?

A

plus end! has available reactive nTP

22
Q

at what point does polymer treadmilling occur in cytoskeletal elements?

A

when the [actin monomer] is between the T and D critical concentrations

23
Q

at what point will a loss of filament subunit occur

A

when the D critical concentration is below the T Cc

24
Q

at what point does filament polymerization occur?

A

when the T Cc is less than the D Cc

25
Q

This is a complete loss of the nTP cap in a polymerized cytoskeletal element that leads to rapid shrinkage

A

catastrophe

26
Q

This is a regain of the nTP cap in a polymerized cytoskeletal element that leads to rapid growth

A

rescue

27
Q

What happens to a straight microtubulin protofilament after a catastrophe (GTP–>GDP)

A

creates a curved protofilament (forms hollow tube)

28
Q

About how fast can individual microtubule molecules diffuse?

A

1-2 seconds

29
Q

what cytoskeletal elements are highly conserved and present in ALL eukaryotic cells?

A

actin and microtubulin

30
Q

Microtubule formation is sourced from what cellular structure?

A

centrosome

Molec and Cell (18 decks)

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