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Molec and Cell > Chapter 1: Cells and Genomes > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Cells and Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

How many genes are in the human genome?

A

25,000-30,000

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2
Q

About how many base pairs are in the human genome?

A

3.1 billion

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3
Q

By how many base pairs would two random humans differ?

A

1-2 bp per 1000 bps

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4
Q

How many genes are present in the bacterium Mycoplasm genetalium?

A

521 genes

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5
Q

About how many genes are the absolute minimum required for a functional cell/organism?

A

~300

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6
Q

About how many genes are conserved across EVERY organism?

A

60 genes

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7
Q

What are 4 reasons why multicellular life exists?

A
  1. information transfer
  2. cell specialization/efficiency
  3. predation/survival
  4. energy conservation
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8
Q

What are three reasons why warm-blooded multicellular life exists?

A
  1. pathogen protection
  2. enzyme efficiency
  3. niche-filling
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9
Q

What are 4 ways we get genetic changes?

A
  1. mutations
  2. gene duplication
  3. DNA segment shuffling
  4. horizontal transfer
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10
Q

What method of genetic change is the most ‘influential’? why?

A

gene-duplication; allows for ‘back-up’ copies to continue coding

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11
Q

What are the two types of homolog?

A
  1. orthologs
  2. paralogs
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12
Q

This is a mutation that occurs in one line of gene replication that allows for divergence and speciation of the whole organism

A

ortholog

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13
Q

This is a mutation that occurs after gene duplication occurs; usually causes new gene formation WITHIN a species

A

paralog

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14
Q

about how large (in diameter) is an average cell?

A

30-40 um

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15
Q

Why can’t eukaryotic cells grow infinitely large?

A

rate of diffusion and total surface area on protein rate of reaction

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16
Q

What are 4 reasons why we use model organisms?

A
  1. short generation times
  2. comparable systems
  3. low cost
  4. small with large generation size
17
Q

What is one limitation of using model organisms to assume data about other systems?

A

some interactions/characteristics may be species-specific; making them obsolete

18
Q

What are 3 reasons why is C. elegans used?

A
  1. model multicellular eukaryote
  2. have only 1000 cells (experience eutely)
  3. 2-3 week lifespans
19
Q

What are 3 reasons why Sarcomyces cervisiae is used?

A
  1. can reproduce in multiple ways
  2. short generation times
  3. Model single-cell eukaryote
20
Q

This is the scientific belief that membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally phagocytized before being integrated into the cell.

A

Endosymbiotic hypothesis

21
Q

The entire E. coli genome encodes for how many protein?

A

4289

Molec and Cell (18 decks)

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