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Molec and Cell > Chapter 15: Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 different types of cell signalling molecules?

A
  1. proteins/peptides
  2. nucleotides
  3. steroids
  4. retinoids
  5. fatty acids
  6. nitric oxide
  7. ions
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2
Q

What are two methods of signal release from the signaling cell?

A
  1. membrane expression
  2. exocytosis secretion
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3
Q

Intracellular receptors on the target cell are primarily used for what type of signals?

A

lipid signals

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4
Q

what type of receptor on the target cell is used for most other signals?

A

surface receptors

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of cell signaling?

A
  1. contact-dependent
  2. paracrine
  3. autocrine
  4. endocrine
  5. synaptic
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6
Q

contact-dependent signaling is required in what scenarios?

A
  1. development
  2. immune response
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7
Q

contact-dependent signaling usually involves what type of signal?

A

membrane-associated/bound signal molecules

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8
Q

this type of cell signaling occurs on a small scale between intermediate cells with the target recptor

A

paracrine

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9
Q

this type of cell signaling is responsible for the “community effect” where a certain cell type secretes a signal that it has receptors for itself

A

autocrine

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10
Q

this type of cell signaling is predominant in cancer cells to ensure cell survival and rapid growth

A

autocrine signaling

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11
Q

type of cell signaling that is very large scale; signal is released into the blood and transported to widely-spread target cells

A

endocine

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12
Q

this type of cell signaling occurs only between neuronal cells; electrical signals stimulate NTM release to next cell

A

synaptic signaling

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13
Q

fast cell signals usually involve what responses?

A

altered protein function, channel opening, activation (“on”/”off”)

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14
Q

slow cell signals usually involve what responses?

A

gene expression alteration

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15
Q

what is the time frame of fast cell signaling?

A

seconds to minutes

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16
Q

what is the time frame of slow cell signaling?

A

minutes to hours

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17
Q

these are specialized cell-cell junctions that connects 2 cells; usually involves one continuous pathway/channel

A

gap junctions

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18
Q

about how big are gap junctions between cells?

A

2-4 nm

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19
Q

what types of molecules do gap junctions transfer?

A

secondary signals & small molecule signals; NO proteins

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20
Q

What are the 4 different outcomes of survivability-related signals

A
  1. survive
  2. grow + divide
  3. differentiate
  4. death
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21
Q

What signals are live cells always receiving?

A

survival signals to counteract death signals

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22
Q

What is the ACh response in skeletal muscle cells?

A

muscle contraction

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23
Q

What is the ACh response in pacemaker cells (i.e. SA node)

A

Slowing of spontaneous firing/depolarization

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24
Q

What is the ACh response in salivary cells?

A

sectretion

25
Q

What are the three major classes of receptors?

A
  1. ion channels
  2. G protein coupled
  3. enzyme linked
26
Q

This receptor type relies on surface chemistry reactions to create a conformational change of channel proteins

A

ion-gated-coupled receptors

27
Q

What are the results of ion-gated-coupled receptors?

A

conformational change allows passive diffusion of ions in the presence of a gradient

28
Q

most medicines work on this receptor pathway

A

G protein-coupled receptors

29
Q

What are the three biggest components of the G protein-coupled receptors?

A
  1. receptor
  2. G protein
  3. enzyme
30
Q

Most G protein receptors are found in what type of physiological functions?

A

sensory

31
Q

What feature of G protein receptors allows for quick enzyme interactions?

A

membrane association of relevant proteins

32
Q

about how many known G protein receptors are orphaned?

A

~120

33
Q

This type of receptor occurs when a signal molecule interacts with a receptor to produce activitty

A

enzyme coupled receptors

34
Q

What two types of enzyme activity can result from enzyme coupled receptors?

A
  1. inherent
  2. associated
35
Q

What is inherent enzyme activity of an enzyme-coupled receptor?

A

the receptor enzyme produces activity

36
Q

What is associated enzyme activity of an enzyme-coupled receptor?

A

the activated receptor results in the activity of an enzyme not bound to the receptor

37
Q

kinase cascades are an example of what type of receptor?

A

enzyme-coupled receptors

38
Q

this subgroup of enzyme coupled receptors have many steps that accumulate the response to a small amount of signal

A

cascades

39
Q

What is a benefit of the many steps of cascading enzyme activity?

A

allows for multiple points of regulation

40
Q

What is the purpose of scaffolding proteins in cascades?

A

anchor substrates and products near each other for quick reactions

41
Q

What are the two phosphorylation systems?

A
  1. signaling by phosphorylation
  2. signaling by GTP binding
42
Q

what are two examples of phosphorylation-based signals?

A
  1. kinases (adds Pi)
  2. phosphatases (removes Pi)
43
Q

This term describes the idea that cell signal response depends on the sum total of the signals received

A

signal integration

44
Q

What are 5 methods of cell-to-ligand signal desensitization?

A
  1. receptor sequesteration
  2. receptor down-regulation
  3. receptor inactivation
  4. signal protein inactivation
  5. inhibitory protein production
45
Q

The Ras protein-involving pathway is an example of what?

A

Receptor tyrosine-kinase survival signal pathway

46
Q

This is a monomeric GTPase protein found in all examined cells that signals to the nucleus to induce cell proliferation

A

Ras protein

47
Q

What happens when the Ras protein is mutated?

A

loss of GTP hydrolysis activity –> always “on” –> encourages cell proliferation –> cancer dev

48
Q

About what percentage of all human tumors have a mutated Ras protein/gene?

A

30%

49
Q

This protein allows GDP to unbind from the Ras GTPase and be replaced with GTP

A

GEF (Guanine Exchange Factor)

50
Q

This protein is responsible for removing the Pi from the GTP bound to Ras GTPase in its “on” state

A

GAP (GTPase activating protein)

51
Q

What is the purpose of the SH2 domain in the Ras-mediated pathway

A

Recognizes phosphorylated-tyrosines on and activated RTK (receptor tyr-kinase)

52
Q

Where is the SH2 domain found in the Ras-mediated pathway?

A

on the Grb2 protein

53
Q

This protein has both SH2 and SH3 (2) domains for specificity

A

Grb2 adaptor protein

54
Q

This protein transduces the signal from the activated RTK and exchanges GDP from Ras protein for GTP

A

Ras-GEF (Sos)

55
Q

This protein receives an activation signal from the active Ras protein to begin cascade

A

MAP kinase3 (Raf)

56
Q

This protein receives signal from activated Raf kinase protein to continue cascade

A

MAP kinase2 (Mek)

57
Q

This protein receives signal from the activated Mek protein to further phosphorylate downstream proteins

A

MAP kinase (Erk)

58
Q

What are the 4 proteins that MAP kinase (Erk) phosphorylates

A
  1. protein X
  2. protein Y
  3. transcription regulation protein A
  4. transcription regulation protein B

Molec and Cell (18 decks)

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