Chapter 16 Adolescence: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

identity versus role confusion

Answer 1

Working through the complexities of finding one’s own identity is the primary task of adolescence

Question 2

identity achievement

Answer 2

when people know who they are as unique individuals, combining past experiences and future plans.

Identity achievement is a cognitive process that refers to exploring an identity and developing an understanding of the meaning of that identity in one’s own life

Question 3

four ways of coping with the identity crisis:

Answer 3

(1) role confusion
(2) foreclosure
(3) moratorium
(4) achievement

Question 4

adolescents experience their identity crisis varies depending on___, the _____, and_____

Answer 4

adolescents experience their identity crisis varies depending on genes, the social context, and family

Question 5

Role confusion

Answer 5

When adolescents have no clear identity but fluctuate from one persona to another. (Sometimes called identity diffusion or role diffusion.)

Question 6

Foreclosure

Answer 6

when adolescents adopt their parents’ or society’s roles and values without questioning or analysis.

Question 7

negative identity

Answer 7

rejecting all their elders’ values and routines, again without thoughtful questioning.

Question 8

moratorium

Answer 8

a time-out that includes exploration, either in breadth (trying many things) or in depth (following one path but with only tentative commitment).

Question 9

highlighted four aspects of identity:

Answer 9

religious, political, vocational, and sexual.

Question 10

Vocational Identity

Answer 10

an individual’s self-defined occupational goals, interests, values and roles

Question 11

gender identity

Answer 11

A person’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with a particular gender.

Question 12

Intersectionality

Answer 12

Intersectionality, therefore, refers to the simultaneous experience of social categories such as race, gender, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation and the ways in which these categories interact to create systems of oppression, domination, and discrimination.

Question 13

familism

Answer 13

the belief that family members should sacrifice personal freedom and success to care for one another.

For example, most refugee youth (Palestinian, Syrian, Iraqi) in Jordan agree that parents have the right to decide their children’s hairstyles, clothes, and music

Question 14

Peer pressure

Answer 14

refers to someone being pushed by their friends to do something that they would not do alone.

Question 15

coercive joining

Answer 15

When others strongly encourage someone to join in their activity, usually when the pressure is being included or excluded in a group and the activity is not approved by authorities (e.g., drug use, bullying.)

Question 16

Sexual orientation

Answer 16

refers to the direction of a person’s erotic desires. One meaning of orient is “to turn toward”; thus, sexual orientation refers to whether a person is attracted to (turned on by) people of the other sex, the same sex, or both sexes.

Question 17

cyberbullying

Answer 17

Rumors, lies, embarrassing truths, or threats can all be sent from the safe distance of the private computer or smartphone, reaching a large audience just when social acceptance is crucial and the imaginary audience makes it worse

Question 18

sexting

Answer 18

as sending sexual photographs and videos is called

Question 19

Heidi comes from an upper-middle-class family, and after high school, she went through a period of exploration. She spent some time traveling around Asia, worked at Disneyland for a few summers, and then waited tables in a ski town while learning to snowboard. Now she is attending college and has made a clear commitment to go into business. According to Marcia, Heidi’s current identity status is:

Answer 19

identity achievement

Question 20

Abra is 17 and does not seem to know or care about her identity. She ignores school assignments, has not looked at colleges, and sleeps the weekends away. Erikson would say that Abra is in a state of:

Answer 20

role confusion