Chapter 16 Flashcards
What are the main functions of the respiratory system
Gas exchange
Acid-base balance
Heat loss
What are the two division of the respiratory system
Upper airways
Respiratory tract
Where is the upper airway
Air passages in head and neck
Nasal and oral cavities
Pharynx
What are the two divisions of the respiratory tract
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
What are components of the conducting zone
Larynx
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
What happens to the air in the conducting zone
Warmed/cooled to body temperature
Humidified
What are components of the respiratory zone
Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
What happens to the air in the respiratory zone
Undergoes gas exchange
What is intra-alveolar pressure
Pressure within the alveoli
Air flow into the lungs occurs when
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure
What does the ribcage and lungs want to do
Ribcage wants to expand
Lungs want to contract
What are the steps of inspiration
Diaphragm contracts (moves downward) Chest wall expands Thoracic cavity volume increases Decreases intra-pleural pressure Lungs fill up with air
What are the steps of expiration
Diaphragm relaxes (moves upward) Chest wall contracts Thoracic cavity volume decreases Intra-pleural pressure decreases Air leaves lungs
Which stage of the respiratory cycle is active
Inspiration
What does surfactant do in the alveoli?
Reduces surface tension, which increase compliance
What does increased resistance, do to flow?
Reduces flow
What is TLC
Total lung capacity
Amount of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
What is IRV?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Maximum volume of air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal inspiration
What is Vt
Tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in/out of lungs during a normal breath
What is RV
Residual volume (RV) The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
What is FRC?
Functional Reserve Capacity
Maximal amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration
Vt + ERV
What is VC
Vital Capacity
Maximal amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs
IRV + Vt + ERV
What are characteristics of obstructive lung disease
Increases airway resistance
Overinflates lungs
Increases TLC and FRC
Example - COPD, asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis
What are characteristics of restrictive lung disease?
Decreases pulmonary compliance
Decreases TLC and VC
Example - Pulmonary fibrosis
What is the formula for minute ventilation (VE)
Frequency = Respiratory rate (RR)
Breathe size = Tidal volume (Vt)
Minute ventilation (VE) = RR x Vt
What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?
Minute ventilation – dead space ventilation
