Chapter 15- The Urinary System

Question 1

2) The primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are

A) proteins.
B) carbohydrates.
C) vitamins.
D) triglycerides.
E) nucleic acids.

Answer 1

A) proteins

Question 2

The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

A) regulating blood volume
B) controlling salt balance in body fluids
C) exchanging blood gases
D) regulating blood pressure
E) regulating vitamin D

Answer 2

C) exchanging blood gases

Question 3

The nitrogenous waste ammonia is usually converted to a less toxic substance known as

A) amino acids.
B) urea.
C) fatty acids.
D) sodium chloride crystals.
E) uric acid.

Answer 3

B) urea

Question 4

When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

A) urethra.
B) liver.
C) ureter.
D) urinary bladder.
E) nephron.

Answer 4

C) ureter

Question 5

The capillaries that serve as the major blood supply to the kidneys are called the

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) cortex.
C) proximal tubules.
D) hepatic portal system.
E) glomerulus.

Answer 5

E) glomerulus

Question 6

The efferent arteriole carries blood from the glomerulus to the

A) renal artery.
B) peritubular capillaries.
C) renal vein.
D) collecting duct.
E) afferent arteriole.

Answer 6

B) peritubular capillaries

Question 7

As urine moves through a nephron, it is modified by ions, water, and other materials either being secreted into the fluid or by efflux of substances out of the urine. However, such modifications do not occur in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) collecting duct
C) Bowman's capsule
D) proximal tubule
E) distal tubule

Answer 7

C) bowman’s capsule

Question 8

Consider a red blood cell traveling in the renal artery. It passes through several different functional vessels before entering the renal vein. Consider the vessels listed below. Which one of the following answers lists the CORRECT order in which the red blood cell passes through these vessels?

1. peritubular capillaries
2. efferent arteriole
3. afferent arteriole
4. glomerulus
5. renal vein

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5
C) 3, 2, 4, 1, 5
D) 2, 1, 3, 4, 5
E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5

Answer 8

B) 3, 4, 2, 1, 5

Question 9

Urine formation initiates with glomerular filtration, a process that relies on filtering large quantities of protein-free plasma into the Bowman’s capsule by

A) passive diffusion through porous capillaries.
B) active transport from interstitial fluid.
C) active transport from paratubular capillaries.
D) osmotic transport from lymph fluid.
E) micelle transport.

Answer 9

A) passive diffusion through porous capillaries

Question 10

An individual has been diagnosed with persistent proteinuria. This condition is due to damage in which one of the following regions of the nephron?

A) loop of Henle
B) proximal tubule
C) glomerular capsule
D) distal tubule
E) collecting duct

Answer 10

C) glomerular capsule

Question 11

Water and nutrients that have been filtered from the glomerular filtrate are returned to circulation as they enter the

A) renal artery.
B) vasa recta.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) peritubular capillaries.
E) vasa recta and peritubular capillaries.

Answer 11

E) vasa recta and peritubular capillaries

Question 12

Over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. At which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption occur?

A) loop of Henle
B) distal tubule
C) collecting duct 
D) proximal tubule 
E) renal pelvis

Answer 12

D) proximal tubule

Question 13

Which one of the following is typically removed from the blood by the tubular secretion process?

A) drugs such as marijuana and cocaine
B) urea
C) protein
D) red blood cells
E) water

Answer 13

A) drugs such as marijuana and cocaine

Question 14

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

A) tubular secretion
B) glomerular filtration
C) tubular reabsorption 
D) active transport
E) bulk flow

Answer 14

D) active transport

Question 15

The hairpin design of the loop of Henle allows events on one side of the loop to influence the events on the other side, by a process referred to as

A) paratubular movement.
B) countercurrent exchange.
C) bulk flow.
D) glomerular filtration.
E) tubular reabsorption.

Answer 15

B) countercurrent exchange

Question 16

The hormone ADH

A) causes the kidneys to produce dilute urine.
B) is secreted by the kidneys.
C) causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to water. D) causes the kidneys to produce a high volume of urine.
E) is usually secreted when the body is completely hydrated.

Answer 16

C) causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to water

Question 17

Urination depends on

A) blood proteins.
B) water movement into the proximal tubule.
C) the neural micturition reflex.
D) the concentration of urea in the distal tubule.
E) countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta.

Answer 17

C) the neural micturition reflex

Question 18

Renin is secreted by which one of the following structures?

A) distal tubule
B) juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) renal medulla
D) glomerulus
E) Bowman's capsule

Answer 18

B) juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 19

Which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

A) liver, kidneys, hypothalamus
B) heart, liver, posterior pituitary
C) posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys
D) kidneys, hypothalamus, liver
E) posterior pituitary, bone marrow, kidneys

Answer 19

C) posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys

Question 20

Alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. By which one of the following is this mediated?

A) Alcohol increases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
B) Alcohol decreases the amount of sodium reabsorbed.
C) Alcohol makes the renal tubules more permeable to water.
D) Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.
E) Drinks with alcohol also contain a lot of water, and the kidneys excrete this.

Answer 20

D) alcohol inhibits the release of ADH

Question 21

Which of the following regulates salt balance?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
D) renin
E) both aldosterone and ANH

Answer 21

E) both aldosterone and ANH

Question 22

Aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

A) blood pressure.
B) blood calcium levels.
C) body temperature.
D) blood potassium levels. 
E) blood glucose levels.

Answer 22

A) blood pressure

Question 23

Given the following events involved in the regulation of blood volume, which one of the following answers best represents the order in which these events occurs?

1. sodium reabsorbed from distal tubules and collecting ducts
2. secretion of renin from juxtaglomerular apparatus
3. secretion of aldosterone
4. decrease in blood volume
5. production of angiotensin II

A) 4, 2, 5, 3, 1
B) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3
C) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5
D) 4, 2, 5, 1, 3
E) 1, 4, 5, 2, 3

Answer 23

A) 4,2,5,3,1

Question 24

Choose the correct order of steps for the synthesis of Vitamin D.

a. Inactive vitamin D is transported to the liver where it is modified.
b. Inactive, chemically altered vitamin D is transported to the kidneys.
c. UV light strikes the skin and converts a steroid molecule into an inactive form of vitamin D.
d. Vitamin D is activated under the influence of PTH.

A) a, b, c, d
B) c, b, a, d
C) c, a, b, d
D) a, c, b, d
E) d, a, c, b

Answer 24

C) c,a,b,d

Question 25

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin?

A) It is secreted by the liver in response to rising blood pH.
B) It causes the bladder to store increased amounts of urine.
C) It is part of a positive feedback loop used to control the amount of hydrogen ion secreted by the kidneys.
D) It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
E) It is secreted in response to rising blood oxygen levels.

Answer 25

D) it stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Question 26

Minerals that crystallize in the renal pelvis are referred to as

A) kidney stones.
B) pelvic crystals.
C) otoliths.
D) osteocytes.
E) renal deposits.

Answer 26

A) kidney stones