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Human Biology & Biochem Final > Chapter 13- The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 13- The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following tissues/organs is NOT a member of the endocrine system?

A) kidney
B) salivary gland
C) adrenal gland
D) thyroid gland
E) stomach
A

B) salivary gland

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2
Q

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

A) they interact only with target cells at a synapse.
B) they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells.
C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.
D) they can be released only following depolarization of the target cell.
E) the blood has access to all body tissues.

A

C) target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

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3
Q

All of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

A) Many hormones are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
B) Hormones are distributed via the circulatory system.
C) Hormones exert their effects on cells that have the specific hormone receptor.
D) Hormones act more quickly than the nervous system.
E) The endocrine system and the nervous system frequently interact.

A

D) hormones act more quickly than the nervous system

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4
Q

Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they

A) cause a change to occur in the target cell.
B) bind to an intracellular receptor.
C) are water insoluble.
D) cannot be stored.
E) bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane.

A

E) bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane

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5
Q

The following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. Which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur?

  1. cellular response to the hormone
  2. activation of a gene
  3. formation of a hormone-receptor complex
  4. diffusion of the hormone through a target cell membrane
  5. production of a protein
A) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
B) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1
C) 5, 3, 4, 1, 2
D) 2, 5, 1, 3, 4
E) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
A

A) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

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6
Q

The action of nonsteroid hormones often results in conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which then functions

A) as an internal receptor for steroid hormones.
B) as an enzyme in the generation of ATP.
C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations.
D) to stimulate the release of the original hormone from the cell surface receptor.
E) as a secondary hormone released into the bloodstream.

A

C) to initiate a cascade of enzyme activations

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7
Q

The pituitary gland is often called the “master of the endocrine system” because

A) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands.
B) all other hormones must be activated by enzymes released by the pituitary gland.
C) it contains neuroendocrine cells that activate many of the other endocrine glands.
D) all blood vessels must pass through the pituitary so hormones can be regulated.
E) releasing and inhibiting factors for most other endocrine glands are released by the pituitary.

A

A) it secretes eight different hormones that in turn regulate many of the other endocrine glands

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8
Q

The anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

A) ACTH
B) LH
C) PRL
D) TSH
E) ADH
A

E) ADH

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9
Q

Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?

A) It stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females.
B) It stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males.
C) It promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females.
D) It functions to complement the activity of TSH.
E) It triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones.

A

C) it promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females

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10
Q

When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

A) kidneys.
B) breasts.
C) hypothalamus.
D) uterus.
E) breasts and uterus.
A

D) uterus

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11
Q

FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.

A) TSH
B) GnRH
C) ACTH
D) LH
E) PRL
A

B) GnRH

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12
Q

Hyposecretion of ADH results in

A) stimulation of protein synthesis. 
B) reduced uptake of blood glucose. 
C) diabetes insipidus.
D) an increase in the mass and length of bones. 
E) overstimulation of cell division.
A

C) diabetes insipidus

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13
Q

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males?

A) prolactin
B) LH
C) aldosterone
D) FSH
E) growth hormone
A

B) LH

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14
Q

Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

A) diabetes insipidus.
B) a drop in blood glucose levels.
C) acromegaly.
D) dwarfism.
E) gigantism.
A

D) dwarfism

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15
Q

Uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

A) ADH.
B) prolactin.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) glucagon.
E) insulin.
A

E) insulin

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16
Q

Insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

A) stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormones.
B) promoting the entry of glucose into cells.
C) stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
D) activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland.
E) promoting the breakdown of fat.

A

B) promoting the entry of glucose into cells

17
Q

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that helps maintain blood glucose levels during fasting by

A) stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids.
B) promoting the conversion of amino acids into proteins in muscle tissues.
C) increasing the glucose-dependent inflammatory response.
D) promoting fat utilization.
E) inhibiting glucose utilization in muscle cells.

A

D) promoting fat utilization

18
Q

During times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?

A) hypothalamus
B) pancreas
C) adrenal medulla
D) posterior pituitary
E) anterior pituitary
A

A) hypothalamus

19
Q

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid hormone that is sometimes prescribed to treat rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and severe allergic reactions. If prednisone were taken for several weeks, which one of the following might occur?

A) Production of natural cortisol may decrease.
B) Production of estrogen by the ovaries may decrease.
C) Levels of thyroid hormone may be elevated.
D) Levels of aldosterone may be elevated.
E) Levels of parathyroid hormone may be decreased.

A

A) production of natural cortisol may decrease

20
Q

An individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

A) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla 
B) cortisol from the adrenal cortex
C) insulin from the pancreas
D) thyroxine from the thyroid
E) norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex
A

A) epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

21
Q

Which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A) ACTH from the anterior pituitary
B) AMTH form the anterior pituitary
C) releasing hormone from the hypothalamus 
D) sympathetic nerves
E) parasympathetic nerves
A

D) sympathetic nerves

22
Q

A goiter results from low dietary iodine levels

A) because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine.
B) because ADH levels rise controllably.
C) due to the activity of the anterior pituitary gland.
D) as glucagon levels elevate.
E) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH.

A

E) because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

23
Q

Thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of

A) ACTH.
B) TSH.
C) FSH.
D) LH.
E) GH.
A

B) TSH

24
Q

Which one of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced?

A) calcium
B) phosphorus
C) iodine
D) zinc
E) iron
A

C) iodine

25
Q

Which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

A) thyroid and ovaries
B) adrenal cortex and thyroid
C) anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex
D) thyroid and parathyroid
E) parathyroid and anterior pituitary
A

D) thyroid and parathyroid

26
Q

The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

A) estrogen and progesterone.
B) oxytocin.
C) growth hormone.
D) ADH.
E) prostaglandins.
A

A) estrogen and progesterone

27
Q

All of following statements are TRUE regarding estrogen and progesterone, EXCEPT which one?

A) They are produced and secreted by the ovaries in response to hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.
B) They are released during a female’s reproductive years.
C) They are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism.
D) They regulate the menstrual cycle.
E) They stimulate development of female secondary sex characteristics.

A

C) they are peptide hormones that activate target cells through the cyclic AMP second messenger mechanism

28
Q

The thymus produces two peptides that function to

A) regulate iodine levels in the thyroid.
B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes.
C) regulate thyroxine release.
D) increase blood calcium levels.
E) promote the breakdown of bone.

A

B) aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes

29
Q

Which one of the following is caused by the secretion of atrial natriuretic hormone by the heart?

A) decrease in blood pressure
B) decrease in blood calcium level
C) decrease in kidney function
D) increase of blood sugar level
E) increased production of fats and proteins
A

A) decrease in blood pressure

30
Q

Which one of the following nonhormonal chemical messengers is important in local control of blood flow and blood clotting?

A) prostaglandins
B) nerve growth factor
C) tumor angiogenesis growth factor D) histamine
E) epidermal growth factor

A

A) prostaglandins

31
Q

All of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

A) neural disorders
B) kidney failure
C) blindness
D) cardiovascular disorders
E) increased susceptibility to cancer
A

E) increased susceptibility to cancer

32
Q

Which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?

A) estrogen, progesterone
B) epinephrine, norepinephrine
C) glucagon, insulin
D) oxytocin, prolactin
E) thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
A

C) glucagon, insulin

Human Biology & Biochem Final (8 decks)

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