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Anatomy! > Chapter 15- Senses (reduced version > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Senses (reduced version Flashcards

1
Q

Five Special Senses

A
  1. Vision
  2. Olfaction
  3. Gustation
  4. Hearing
  5. Equilibirum
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2
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Transparent mucous membrane
produce lubricating mucus

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3
Q

palpebral conjunctive

A

portion that covers the inner eyelids

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4
Q

bulbar conjunctive

A

portion that covers anterior surface of the eye (except the cornea)

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5
Q

Palpebrae

A

eyelids

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6
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

encircles the eye
eyes closed when it contracts

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7
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

upper eyelid
eye opens when it contracts

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8
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

on medial portion
sebaceous and sweat glands here produce oily secretion

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9
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

production and drainage of tears, protection of eyes

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10
Q

lacrimal apparatus is composed of

A

lacrimal gland- produces and releases dilute saline solutions
lacrimal canaliculi- drains tears from eye surface at medial portion of eye
nasolacrimal duct- drains tears from lacrimal canaliculi into nasal cavity

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11
Q

fibrous layer

A

outermost coat of the eye with 2 regions - sclera and cornea

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12
Q

vascular layer

A

middle coat of the eye with three regions - choroid, ciliary body, iris

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13
Q

ciliary body (3)

A

muscle- smooth muscle bundles that control lens shape
processes- secrete aqueous humor
suspensory ligaments- extend from ciliary processes to lens

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14
Q

retina

A

innermost layer of the eye (2) - pigmented late lies against the choroid) and the neural layer (innermost layer of the retina that contains rods and cones - and bipolar and ganglion cells)

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15
Q

Optic Disc

A

Point at which the optic nerve exits the back of the eye

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16
Q

Macula lutea

A

area where other structurd are displaced - photoreceptors receive direct light

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17
Q

fovea centralis

A

center of the fovea
contains only cones
only 1/1000th of the total visual field

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18
Q

lens

A

biconvex
transparent
flexible
used to bend light as it enters the eye

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19
Q

lens epithelium

A

anterior portion covered by this
coordinates metabolic activities of lens
provides more cells for lens fibers

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20
Q

lens fibers

A

Bulk of lens thickness made up by this
old fibers never broken down - causes cataracts
loses its flexibility

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21
Q

Anterior segment

A

Front of the eyes
Contains aqueous humor
Supploes nutrients and oxygen to structure in the front of the eye and removes waste
constantly drained and produced
becomes a problem when it pushes on the optic nerve and the retina and they wont function normally

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22
Q

posterior segment

A

found behind the lens
contains vitreious humor
transmits light, stabilizes the lens from the posterior side, holds the retina in place and contributes to intraocular pressure
lasts a lifetime

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23
Q

visible light spectrum

A

400-700 nm
human eyes response to electromagnetic radiation

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24
Q

White

A

all wavelengths of light reflected

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25
Q

black

A

all wavelengths of light absorbed

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26
Q

refraction

A

when a light wave passes through a boundary from one medium to another with a different density

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27
Q

focal point

A

light rays bend so they converge at a single point

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28
Q

real image

A

upside down and reversed and then flipped by the primary visual cortex

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29
Q

ways light is bent

A
  1. cornea
  2. anterior surface of the lens
  3. posterior surface of the lens
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30
Q

changing lens shape

A

relaxation of ciliary muscle - pulling of suspensory ligaments (flat lens)
OR
contraction of ciliary muscle - decreased pulling in suspensory ligaments (bulge lens)

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31
Q

far point of vision

A

point at which the lens no longer needs to change shape to focus light (20 ft)
paralleled light rays are easier to focus

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32
Q

near point of vision

A

closest point to the face that still allows clear vision (4 ft)

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33
Q

Accommodation of the lens

A

contraction or relaxation of ciliary muscles

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34
Q

Constriction of pupils

A

prevents divergent rays from entering the eye

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35
Q

convergence of eyes

A

medial rotation of the eyeballs
keep objects focused on the fovea

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36
Q

Outer segment of rods and cones

A

embedded in pigmented layer of retina
contains photopigments folded into discs

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37
Q

Inner segment of rods and cones

A

embedded in the neural layer of retina

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38
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to light
Used in low light conditions (dark)
Only one visual pigment in rods → no color vision
More photopigments
Ganglion cell will synapse

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39
Q

cones

A

Low sensitivity
Overlapping wavelengths of light that are stimulating different
Used more in bright light color vision
Single cone has 1 of 3 (red, green, or blue) visual pigments → color vision
Each cone synapses on its own ganglia
visual clarity

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40
Q

Phototransduction

A

Process of converting light energy into a graded receptor potential that begins when a photoreceptor catches light

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41
Q

Photoreceptor cells

A

create graded potential in response to incoming light stimuli

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42
Q

bipolar cells

A

create either IPSP or EPSP

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43
Q

ganglion cell

A

generate action potential that is propagated along the optic nerve and sends the info to the primary visual cortex

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44
Q

Dark

A

Photoreceptor io channels are open
receptor is depolarized to -40 mV

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45
Q

Light

A

Photoreceptor ion channels are closed
receptor is hyperpolarized to -70 mV
process uses transducin signaling system

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46
Q

transducin

A

11 cis retinol absorbs light and becomes all trans retinol
cgmp to gmp

47
Q

Information processes in the dark

A
  1. photoreceptor- depolarizes to -40 mV
  2. bipolar cell- ipsp
  3. ganglion cell- hyperpolarizes to -70 mV - no action potential generated
48
Q

Information processes in the light

A
  1. Photoreceptor- hyperpolarizes
  2. Bipolar- depolarizes
  3. Ganglion- depolarizes; If strong enough, generates action potential
49
Q

Light Adaptation (reduced)

A

rods off
sensitivity low
nright lights takes 60 seconds
highest visual acuity at 5 mins

50
Q

dark adaptation (reduceD)

A

rods on
sensitivity high
takes 30 minutes

51
Q

optic tracts (3)

A

continue to the visual cortex
1) Carries fibers from the lateral portion of the eye on the same side
2) Carries fibers from the medial portion of the eye of the opposite side
3) Contains all information from the same half of the visual field

52
Q

Medial portion of eye receives input from BLANK part of the visual field

A

temporal

53
Q

lateral portion of eye receives input from BLANK part of the visual field

A

medial

54
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

most fibers i optic tracts synapse with neurons here - go to primary visual cortex

55
Q

other fibers travel to

A
  1. superior colliculi - visual reflex center controls extrinsic eye muscles
  2. pretectal nuclei - mediates pupillary response to light
  3. suprachiasmatic nucleus - biorhythms
56
Q

Depth perception (reduced)

A

each eye has a visual field of 170
allows ability to locate objects in space

57
Q

Olfaction

A

Chemoreceptors respond to stimiuli dissolved in solution

58
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

the roof of the nasal cavity
anything you see on the outside of the body plays no role in smelling

59
Q

3 cells tyopes of olfaction

A

1) Olfactory sensory neurons
2) Supporting cells
3) Olfactory stem cells

60
Q

Olfactory cilia

A

hair-like projections found in olfactory epithelium
increase receptive surface area of neuron
More able to pick up smell and smell it
Mucus surrounding cilia dissolves airborne odorants
no mucus - Not going to smell it

61
Q

Filaments of hte olfactory nerve

A

travel through ethmoid bone via cribriform foramina

62
Q

Mitral cells

A

Axons synapse with these
creates action potential for perception of smell

63
Q

Glomeruli

A

cluster
site of the mitral cells synapsing in the brain

64
Q

How are olfactory sensory neurons destroyed?

A

Some smells are particularly noxious and destroy the neurons - people who work in orgo labs long term will lose their sense of smell
Life span of olfactory sensory neuron → 30-60 days

65
Q

Olfactory stem cdells

A

replace damaged/destroyed neurons bc you dont want smell to be gone forever

66
Q

What two things ust take place for sensation of smell to occur

A
  1. activation of sensory neurons (binding of oderant in the olfactory cilium membrane)
  2. transduction of smell (graded potential is created due to the binding and stronggraded = action at the mitral cell)
67
Q

Transduction of smell

A

involves G-protein
Na+ influx depolarizes olfactory sensory neuron → creates receptor potential
Ca2+ influx causes adaptation → decreased response to sustained odorant stimulus

68
Q

Pathway to the Olfactory CortexGus

A
  1. olfactory bulb
  2. synapse with mitral cell
  3. graded potential = action potential
  4. impulses from bulb through olfactory tract
    TWO PATHWAYS
  5. a. olfactory cortex- smell consciously interpreted/identified
    b. limbic system- smells elicits an emotional response
69
Q

Gustation

A

chemoreceptors are on taste buds on papillae of tongue (grainy texture)

70
Q

3 types of papillae

A

fungiform- found all over the tongue
Vallate- back of the tongue
foliate- side of the tongue

71
Q

Gustatory epithelial cells

A

receptor cells for taste

72
Q

gustatory hairs

A

microvilli projecting from tips of gustatory epithelial cells
increase surface area
receptor membrane of gustatory epithelial cells

73
Q

sensory dendrites-

A

forms first part of pathway to the brain

74
Q

basal epithelial cells

A

replace lost or damaged gustatory epithelial cells
replace every 7-10 days bc cells get scraped off

75
Q

six taste modalities

A

sweet - sugars, alcohol
sour- acids
umami- amino acids glutamate and aspartate
salty-metal ions
bitter - alkaloids
long-chain fatty acids - lipids

76
Q

1 modality

A

single taste cell per each modality
Stimulating multiple types of gustatory cells at the same time with combinations

77
Q

Taste perception process (2)

A
  1. activation of taste receptors
  2. transduction of taste
78
Q

transduction of taste

A
  1. salty - Na influx
  2. sour - H influx
  3. bitter/sweet/umami- gustducin
79
Q

Cranial nerves involved with taste

A

facial nerve- innervates 2/3rds of the anterior tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve- 1/3 posterior tongue

80
Q

pathway of fibers for gustatory

A

synapse at solitary nucleus in medulla, travel to primary gistatory cortex

81
Q

importance of taste

A

likes and dislikes
cravings = short on nutrition
some tastes indicate spoiled food or poison

82
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube

A

opening of tube equalizes pressure in the middle ear
tympanic membrane only vibrates if pressure is equal on either side (inside and outside the body)
Source of an ear infection (otitis media)

83
Q

bony labyrinth

A

system of channels that weave through the temporal bone

84
Q

perilymph

A

fluid similar to CSF
surrounds & supports the membranous labyrinth

85
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

membranous sacs and ducts found within the bony labyrinth filled with endoluymph which is fluid similar to ICF
surrounds sensory cells in ear and transmits sound and allows for balance

86
Q

cochlea

A

spiral chamber of hte inner ear

87
Q

Cochlea ends blindly at the BLANK

A

helicotrem - produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

88
Q

COCHLEA division

A
  1. scala vestibuli - begins at oval window
  2. scala tympani- has vestibular membrane (wall that divides s media from s vestibuli), stria vascularis (secretes emdolymph) and basilar membrane (forms floor of s media)
  3. scala media- cochlear hair cells and supporting cells
89
Q

sound

A

mechanical waves
result from vibration of particles of medium through which sound is travelling
compression (air polecules pushed together)
rarefaction (air molecules spread apart)

90
Q

Frequency

A

pitch
number of sound waves that pass a point in a given period

91
Q

wavelength

A

distance between crests of a given sound wave
shorter wavelength = higher freuqnecy

92
Q

tone

A

sound consisting of a single frequency

93
Q

amplitude

A

loudness
higher crest = more pressure = louder

94
Q

human hearing

A

above 120, sound is painful

95
Q

Sound transmission

A
  1. vibrate tympanic membrane
  2. malleus , incus and stapes vibrate too, and stapes send info through oval window to middle ear
  3. oval window movement = scala vestibule peeriluymph to move and push waves to helicotrema
    round window is pressure valve
    if through round window - sent to cochlea
    4 a. helicotrema path - low frequency (<20 Hz) pass completely around helicotrema to round window (cant hear this)
    b. Basilar membrane path- sounds waves transmitted through scala media and pressure waves vibrate the basilar membrane (hear something bc its over 20 hz)
96
Q

Fibers in basilar membrane

A

near oval window- short and stiff (inflexible)
high frequency
near helicotrema- long and loose
low frequency

97
Q

sound transduction

A

Movement of the basilar membrane stimulates inner hair cells
Inner hair cells have hair-like projections called stereocilia
Tallest stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane
Stereocilia joined by tip links
Tip links connect to mechanically gated ion channels → pulling tip links opens ion channels
Trap door=
if open, ions can freely float into the hair cell
If closed, no ion flow into hair cells

98
Q

When basilar membrane is at rest:

A

Some tip links open - small amount of ion flow
Inner hair cell slightly depolarized
slight action potentials

99
Q

When stereocilia pivot toward tallest hair:

A

Tip links open - all ion channels open
Inner hair cell depolarizes = creates receptor potential
high action potentials

100
Q

When stereocilia bend toward shortest hair:

A

Tip links close
Inner hair cell hyperpolarizes
Neurotransmitter no longer released
No action potentials at all

101
Q

Outer hair cells

A

change the flexibility of the basilar membrane
1. increase responsiveness of inner hair cells (Easier to move = easier to stimulate inner hair cells)
2. Protection (outer hair cells stiffen in response to loud sound) and decreases the flexibility of the basilar membrane and makes it more stiff to protect from loud sounds

102
Q

Pathway to the Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Fibers from cochlear nerve project to superior olivary nucleus
Received by both the left and right side of the brain even if occurring on the opposite side of the body

103
Q

Localization of sound

A

Intensity and timing localize sound source
if identical (up down front back) or if different (left or right)

104
Q

Equilibrum (2)

A

Vestibule- saccule (continuous with cochlea) and utricle (continuous with semicircular canals) both contain maculae receptors that respond to linear acceleration and head position
Semicircular canals- anterior (flip), posterior (cartwheel) lateral (spin)
semicircular duct passes through each canal
ampullae swells at the end of each duct with receptor crista ampullares and responds to rotational movement

105
Q

Stereocilia, kinocilia are longest

A

Flat patch with supporting cells + hair cells

106
Q

Otolith membrane

A

jelly-like base with small otolith stones embedded in membrane (dense and move)
why vertigo happens

107
Q

Bending toward kinocilium

A

hair cells deplarize

108
Q

bending away from kinocilium

A

hair cells hyperpolarize

109
Q

utricle

A

maculae are horizontal
hair cells are verticle
forward and backward movement

110
Q

saccule

A

maculae are verticle
hair cells are horizontal
up or down movement

111
Q

maculae

A

respond to changes in head position

112
Q

Ampullary cupula

A

gel that surrounds hair cells

113
Q

Sensation of Rotational Movement

A

Endolymph flows through canals in opposite direction as rotational movement
Hairs deflected → depolarization occurs, increased neurotransmitter released
Consistent speed of rotation → endolymph travels at same speed as rotation means hair cells not stimulated
Stop rotating → endolymph flows in opposite direction
Hair cells hyperpolarize → less neurotransmitter released

114
Q

Pathway to vestibular nuc;ei or cerebellum

A

info sent to reflex centers of the brain automatically
vestibular nuclei- major integrative area for balance and Sends impulses to brain stem -information used to correct body position
2. cerebellum- coordinates skeletal muscle activity and muscle tone to maintain head position, posture, balance
Maintaining head position as well

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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