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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 11- Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 11- Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System Functions

A
  1. Sensory Input- Monitor changes that occur inside and outside the body
  2. Integration- process and interpret information
  3. Motor output- response is carried out
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2
Q

Components of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord
Function- Responsible of interpreting sensory input and deciding motor output

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body
Function- info can be sent between the CNS to the rest of the body

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5
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that can respond to stimuli & transmit electrical signals
Highly specialized

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6
Q

Neuroglia

A

Glial cells
Provide support and maintenance to neurons

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7
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant, support and protect neurons in the CNS

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8
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A
  1. Provide nutrient supply for neuron cells
  2. Allows migration of young neurons
  3. “Clean up” outside neuron cells
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9
Q

Microglial Cells

A

CNS
1. Contact nearby neuron cells to monitor neuron health
2. Migrate toward injured neurons and transform into a macrophage and phagocytize the neuron

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10
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

CNS
Usually have cilia
Function- Lines central cavities of the CNS to circulate cerebrospinal fluid within cavities

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11
Q

Satallite cells

A

PNS
Support and protect cells

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

A

CNS and PNS, respectively
Function- Myelin sheat creates an insulating covering for neurons

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13
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system specialized to generate or transmit electrical signals

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14
Q

Nerve impulses

A

electrical signals

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15
Q

The general structure of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Myelin Sheaths
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16
Q

Cell Body of a Neuron

A

Portion of the cell containing the nucleus
Function- plasma membrane can receive information from the surrounding neurons

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Main receptive region of a neuron

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18
Q

Axon

A

Single, long “nerve fiber” extending from the cell body
The axon is the conducting region of the neuron

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19
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS

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20
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in the PNS

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21
Q

Axon terminal

A

Where neurotransmitters are released to pass the impulse to the next neuron

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22
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

Protects and electrically insulate long and/or large nerve fibers to increase speed at which impulses are transmitted

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23
Q

Myelin Sheath Gaps

A

Region of axon that is “exposed” due to absence of Schwann cell covering

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24
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Afferent neurons transmit signals from the body to the CNS

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25
Q

Motor neuron

A

Efferent neuron transmits motor response from the CNS to the rest of the body

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26
Q

Interneuron

A

Lie between sensory and motor neurons

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27
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70 mV

28
Q

Leakage channels

A

Nongated
Allow free low of ions across the channel

29
Q

Gated proteins

A

Part of the protein forms a gate that mus the opened before ions can move

30
Q

Types of gated proteins

A
  1. Chemically
  2. Voltage
  3. Mechanically
31
Q

Chemically gated

A

Only open when a certain chemcial binds to protein

32
Q

Voltage-gated

A

Open and close in response to changing membrane potentials

33
Q

Mechanically gated

A

Open in response to physical deformation of receptor

34
Q

Depolarization

A

Decreases in membrane potential
Inside becomes less negative than resting potential
More likely to send a message (excitation)

35
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Increase in membrane potential
The inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential
Less likely to send a message

36
Q

Graded potentials

A

Occur over short distances
Necessary to initiate an action potential

37
Q

Graded

A

Magnitude varies directly with stimulus strength

38
Q

Action potentials

A

A very brief reversal of membrane potential
-70 mV to +30 mV

39
Q

Trigger point

A

Action potentials originate at the beginning of axon arising from cell body

40
Q

Activation gate

A

Voltage-sensitive, opens at depolarization

41
Q

Inactivation Gate

A

Blocks chanel to prevent Na+ movement

42
Q

K+ gate

A
  1. All voltage-gated channels are closed at the resting state (-70 mV)
  2. Depolarization: voltage-gated Na+ channels open at the axon
  3. Repolarization- Where action potential ends
  4. Hyperpolarization: excess K+ leaves cell
43
Q

Refractory Period

A

A period of time in which a second Action potential cannot be generated at an axon

44
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

Cannot begin an action potential
Importance-
Ensures each action potential is a separate event
Enforces 1 was transmission

45
Q

Relative refractory period

A

occurs after the absolute refractory period
only strong stimulus can stimulate an Action potential due to hyperpolarization

46
Q

Conduction Speed is based on…

A

Axon Diameter
Degree of Myelination

47
Q

Axon Diameter

A

Larger axon = faster conduction

48
Q

Degree of myelination

A

More myelination = faster conduction

49
Q

Types of conduction

A
  1. Continuous conduction
  2. Saltatory conduction
50
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Propogation in unmyelinated fibers

51
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Propagation in myelinated fibers

52
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons that sends information from one neuron to thenext

53
Q

Presynaptic neurons

A

Conduct impulses toward the synapse
Sending info

54
Q

Postsynaptic neurons

A

Conduct signal away from the synapse
receiving info

55
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Fluid filled space

56
Q

Transmission of action potentials from one neuron to another- chemical synapses

A

1) Action potential arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
2) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in terminal open in response to AP
3) Synaptic vesicles in axon terminal fuse with membrane in response to Ca2+ influx
4) Neurotransmitter crosses cleft, binds to proteins on postsynaptic neuron
5) Neurotransmitter binds receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane (proteins - causes the message to be received)
6) Neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft is disposed of

57
Q

Neurotransmitter disposal process

A
  1. Reuptake- presynaptic neuron or astrocyte takes neurotransmitter
  2. Degradation- breaking it down by enzymes
  3. Diffusion- Leaves bc its too far away from postsynaptic neuron
58
Q

Neurotransmitter disposal process

A
  1. Reuptake- presynaptic neuron or astrocyte takes neurotransmitter
  2. Degradation- breaking it down by enzymes
  3. Diffusion- Leaves bc its too far away from the postsynaptic neuron
59
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials

A

The temporary change in membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron

60
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic potential

A

Binding of neurotransmitter causes the membrane to depolarize

61
Q

Temporal summation

A

The postsynaptic neuron receives multiple EPSPs in rapid-fire order

62
Q

Spatial summation

A

Postsynaptic neurons receive multiple EPSPs at the same time

63
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

Binding of neurotransmitter causes the membrane to hyperpolarize

64
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signals produced in the cell body and is transported to the axon terminal

65
Q

Channel-linked receptors

A

Mediate fast synaptic transmission
Ligand gated ion channels that opens

66
Q

G Protein Coupled receptors

A
  1. Neurotransmitter binds in the postsynaptic membrane
  2. G protein activated inside the neuron
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase produces cyclic AMP

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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