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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 13- Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 13- Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Provide the brain with sensory input and allows for motor output to reach the effector organs

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2
Q

General structures of the PNS

A

Sensory receptors
Afferent fibers
Efferent fibers

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3
Q

Sensory receptors

A

The environment could be internal or external

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4
Q

Afferent fibers

A

Sensory information being carried

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5
Q

Efferent fibers

A

Carries impulses away from the CNS

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6
Q

Subdivisions of the PNS

A

Afferent Division
Efferent division

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7
Q

Afferent Division

A

Carry impulses from the body to the central nervous system (sensory)

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8
Q

Efferent Division

A

Carry impulses to the body from the central nervous system (motor)
Can be somatic or autonomic

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9
Q

Somatic Division

A

Skeletal muscle tissue is the effector

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10
Q

Autonomic divison

A

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

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11
Q

Stimuli

A

Specialized structures that respond to changes in the environment

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12
Q

Classification of sensory receptors

A
  1. Stimulus type- what change in the environment activates the receptor
  2. Location- either location in the body or the location of the source of the stimulus (inside or outside the body)
  3. Receptor structure- non encapsulated or encapsulated
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13
Q

Stimulus Types (5)

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
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14
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to mechanical force
When own form is being physically distorted or changed
Example- When bent, it will respond

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15
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to temperature changes (hot or cold)

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16
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light
Highly localized/only found in the eye

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17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals in solution
Can be body-wide or localized
Keeping track of blood pH as well

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18
Q

Nociceptors

A

Respond to damaging stimuli
Pain sensations
Extreme temperature, extreme, pressure, too much chemicals, etc.

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19
Q

Classification by location

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interoceptor
  3. Proprioceptors
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20
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Mostly found at or near the body surface
Close or near the skin
Examples- photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors

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21
Q

Interoceptors

A

Found deeper in the body
Closer to the visceral receptors

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22
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Found in skeletal muscle, tendon, joints, ligaments
Highly localized, body position in space, coordinate movements, etc.

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23
Q

Nerve Endings

A

Modified gendritic endings of sensory neurons

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24
Q

Types of nerve endings

A

Nonencapsulated (free)
Encapsulated

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25
Q

Non-encapsulated (free) nerve endings

A

Dendritic ends of sensory receptors have no covering on them
Abundant in epithelia and connective tissue (anywhere)
Respond to pain and temperature (noci and thermo)

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26
Q

Sensations allowed by free (nonencapsulated) nerve endings

A
  1. Itch - histamine
  2. Light Pressure - Merkel cells (hair stimulates free nerve endings - bug on skin)
  3. Light touch specifically for hair (mechanoreceptor) - hair follicle where nerve endings wrap around it and respond to changes in hair and hair follicle
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27
Q

Encapsulated nerve endings

A

Densritic endings are enclosed in a capsule

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28
Q

Sensations allowed by encapsulated nerve endings

A
  1. Tactile corpuscles
  2. Lamellar Corpuscles
  3. Bulbous corpuscles
  4. Muscle Spindles
  5. Tendon Organs
  6. Joint Kinesthetic Receptor
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29
Q

Tactile corpuscles

A

Found in dermal papillae of hairless skin
Important for light touch sensation

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30
Q

Lamellar Corpuscles

A

Located deep in dermis
Stimulated by onset of deep pressure

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31
Q

Bulbous corpuscles

A

Located in dermis, subcutaneous tissue and joint capsules
Respond to deep, continuous pressure

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32
Q

Muscle spindles

A

proprioceptors found in tissue wrapped around skeletal muscle
Detect muscle stretch and initiates reflexes to resist excessive stretching

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33
Q

Tendon organs

A

Proprioceptors of tendons
Initiates reflex that eelaces skeletal muscle to prevent damage to tendon
Responsible for monitoring the stretch found in the tendon

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34
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptor

A

Proprioceptor monitoring stretch in joints
Provide information about joint position and motion
Prevents dislocation

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35
Q

Sensation

A

Awareness of a change in external/internal environment

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36
Q

Perception

A

How we interpret the stimuli

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37
Q

Somatosensory system

A

Sensory system that specifically serves body wall and limbs
Input from exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors

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38
Q

Levels of somatosensory system

A
  1. Receptor level
  2. Circuit level
  3. Perceptual level
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39
Q

Receptor level

A

Sensation will only occur if a stimulus activates a receptor and if the action potentials reach the CNS
1. Stimulus must match receptor specificity
2. Stimulus must be applied within receptor’s receptive field
3. Stimulus energy must be converted to a graded potential
4. Graded potentials must reach threshold for sensory receptor to generate an action potential

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40
Q

Receptive field

A

How large or small the field is depends on what part of the body it is and what sensation its responsible for changing to

41
Q

Circuit level

A

Delivering impulses to appropriate region of the cerebral cortex

42
Q

Perceptual level

A

Sensory input is interpreted at the cerebral cortex
Identifying the sensation depends on the target neurons of the cerebral cortex

43
Q

Types of pain

A

Sharp- occurs at onset of injury (small, myelinated fibers - message sent very quickly to brain)
Burning- Occurs after sharp pain (small, unmyelinated fibers - message sent slowly to the brain)

44
Q

Endorphins/Enkaphalins

A

Suppress feling of pain

45
Q

Visceral pain

A

Noxious stimulation of receptors of the thorax and abdominal cavity
Example- Extreme stretching of tissue

46
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain stimuli arising from one part of the body are perceived as coming from another part

47
Q

Nerve

A

Cordlike organ that is part of the peripheral nervous system consisting of parallel bindles of peripheral axons enclose by connective tissue wrappings

48
Q

Classification of nerves

A

Afferent
Efferent
Mixed

49
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Sensory

50
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Motor

51
Q

Mixed nerves

A

Sensory and motor
to and from the sensory nervous system

52
Q

Endoneurium

A

Axons wrapped with this connective tissue that prevents unauthorized sending of information

53
Q

Fascicles

A

Groups of axons that are bundled together by perineuron

54
Q

Epineurium

A

Fascicles bundled together to form the true nerve
This is the actual nerve

55
Q

Damage in CNS and PNS

A

CNS- cannot regenerate and die
PNS- Capable of regeneration IF cell body isn’t damaged and the severed ends are close together (will not be as good as before)

56
Q

Axon Regeneration Steps in the PNS

A
  1. Injury occurs- Axon is damaged and distal portions will degenerate
  2. Clean-up- Macrophages invade the area and dying portions are destroyed
  3. Axon regeneration begins- hairs coming together with both ends - Schwann cells release growth factor to stimulate growth and form a “tube” to fuse with one another properly
  4. Completion of regeneration - Form complete axon and Schwann cells form the myelin sheath around new axon (smaller diameter)
57
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Olfactory - S
Optic - S
Oculomotor - M
Trochlear - M
Trigeminal - B
Abducens - M
Facial - B
A/Vestibulocochlear - S
Glossopharyngeal - B
Vagus - B
Spinal accessory - M
Hypoglossal - M

58
Q

Olfactory

A

nerves associated with olfaction (smell)

59
Q

Optic

A

nerves associated with vision
Vision, light intensity
From retina

60
Q

Oculomotor

A

supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles the move the eyeball

61
Q

Trochlear

A

innervates extrinsic eye muscle that depresses the eye and turns it laterally (superior oblique)

62
Q

Trigeminal

A

supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles
Pain, touch, and temperature on our faces

63
Q

Abducens

A

controls extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye (the lateral rectus muscle)
Abduct the eye (turning towards the temple)

64
Q

Facial

A

innervates muscle for facial expression, contributes to taste
Tongue (2/3rds)

65
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A

Hearing and balance
Auditory nerve

66
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

innervates tongue for taste & general senses, innervates pharynx for general senses, innervates muscles of the pharynx for swallowing
Innervate muscle from the pharynx for swallowing foods or liquids

67
Q

Vagus

A

fibers extend to and supply sensory & motor fibers to the organs of the thorax and abdomen

68
Q

Spinal Accessory

A

supplies motor fibers to muscles that move the head and neck

69
Q

Hypoglossal

A

innervates muscles of the tongue and under the tongue to allow movement of the tongue for chewing, speech, swallowing

70
Q

Dorsal Ramus

A

Provides sensory and motor fibers to tyhe skin and muscles of the back

71
Q

Ventral ramus

A

Provides sensory and motor fibers to lateral and ventral walls and to the upper and lower limbs

72
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A

Ventral rami branch to form these nerve networks

73
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

cutaneous nerves that supply the neck, ear, back of the head, and shoulders
C1 - C4

74
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

provides fibers that supply the upper body limbs
C5-C8, T1

75
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Lumbar plexus and sacral plexus have large degree of overlap
Anterior and medial portion of the leg

76
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

innervates parts of abdominal wall muscle, major branches innervate anterior & medial thigh

77
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

innervates buttocks and posterior aspect of lower limbs, pelvic structures and perineum
Lumbosacral trunk function

78
Q

Lumbosacral trunk

A

Some fibers of lumbar plexus contribute to the sacral plexus through this passage

79
Q

Anterolateral Thorax and Abdominal Wall

A

Ventral rami in the thorax do not form plexuses but are arranged in a segmental pattern
serve intercostal muscles between ribs, skin of anterolateral thorax, and most of abdominal wall (arranged segmentally)

80
Q

Back

A

Dorsal rami innervate posterior body trunk in segmental pattern
each dorsal ramus innervates narrow strip of muscle & skin at same area where it emerges from spinal column

81
Q

Dermatomes

A

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
Provides sensory details of the skin to the brain

82
Q

Types of reflexes

A
  1. Intrinsic
  2. Acquired
83
Q

Intrinsic reflex

A

Unlearned, unpremeditated, and involuntary
Built in responses
Making fast adjustments to body posture after losing balance

84
Q

Acquired reflex

A

Results form practice or repetition
learned responses
Driving a car

85
Q

Components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor - site of stimulus action
  2. Sensory neuron - transmits afferent impulses to the CNS
  3. Integration center - Synpases found in the CNS (spinal cord)
  4. Motor neuron - Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to effector organ
  5. Effector - muscle fiber or gland that responds to the impulse
86
Q

Spinal Reflex

A

Any somatic reflex that is mediated by the spinal cord

87
Q

Types of spinal reflexes

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Tendon
  3. Flexor and Cross-Extension Reflexes
88
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Ensures that a muscle stays at its optimal length
prevents damage to muscle and tendon by causing a muscle to contract when the muscle is stretched too far

89
Q

Monosynaptic

A

Stretch reflex
Have only a single synapse between the sensory neuron and a motor neuron

90
Q

Ipsalateral

A

Stretch reflex
The stimulus and response occur on the same side of the body

91
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Provide information about the length of a particular muscle
Function as proprioceptors
When stretched, muscle spindle sends impulses at higher frequency

92
Q

Knee-Jerk Reflex

A
  1. Tap the patellar ligament
  2. Send a sensory impulse straight to the spinal cord
  3. Motor response sent back out through fibers in the quadriceps muscle
    Quadricep contracts (knee extends)
    Neural fibers go to the hamstring muscle as well and it will cause the knee to go back so that the quadricep does not overextend the knee
    Antagonistic
93
Q

Tendon Reflex

A

prevents damage to muscle by causing the muscle to relax when tension force (during muscle contraction) becomes so great it can damage the muscle

94
Q

Tendon organs

A

Provide information about the amount of tensin in a muscle and its associated tendons
Muscles relax and lengthen in response to an action
Prevents damage due to excessive stretch

95
Q

Polysynaptic

A

Tendon reflex
Involve multiple synapses with chains of interneurons

96
Q

Flexor reflex

A

Initiated by painful stimuli
Protection/survival mechanism

97
Q

Crossed-Extensor reflex

A

Often accompanies flexor reflex
maintaining balance on the other side of the body

98
Q

Contralateral

A

Crossed-Extensor reflex
The stimulus and response occur on opposite sides of the body

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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