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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 12- The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 12- The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Composed of Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

Four regions of the brain

A

Cerebral Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum

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3
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains dendrites, cell bodies, and axon terminals
All synapses are found in gray matter - motor control, sensory perception, memory, personality, etc.

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4
Q

White matter

A

Schwann cells and axons that sends the info along the length of the axon to the rest of the neuron
Form tracks
Passes messages between different areas of grat matter

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5
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of grat matter

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6
Q

Central canal

A

Found at the center of gray matter

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7
Q

Ventricles

A

Open cavities
Hollow chambers found in the brain that are filled with cerebropinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells

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8
Q

2 lateral ventricles

A

one in each cerebral hemisphere

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9
Q

3rd ventricle

A

found in diencephalon

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10
Q

4th ventricle

A

Found in hindbrain

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11
Q

Cerebral hemispheres general regions

A

Cerebral cortex (brain matter)
White matter (deeper)
Basal nuclei (deep to white matter)

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12
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges of cerebral hemispheres

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13
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow grooves that sit between gyri

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14
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Separates the left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

Transverse cerebral fissure

A

Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brain stem

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16
Q

central sulcus

A

Separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe

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17
Q

Parieto-occupital sulcus

A

Separates occipiutal lobe from the parietal lobe

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18
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates the temporal lobe from the frinal and parietal lobes

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19
Q

3 functional areas of the cortex

A
  1. Motor areas- vluntary movement
  2. Sensory areas- conscious awareness of sensations
  3. association areas- integrate diverse information
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20
Q

Contralateral

A

Relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs

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21
Q

Motor Areas of the Cerebral cortex

A
  1. Primary Motor cortex
  2. Premotor cortex
  3. Broca’s Area
  4. Frontal Eye Field
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22
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Allows for conscious control of skilled/precise voluntary movements

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23
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Large neurons found in primary motor cortex

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24
Q

Corticospinal tracts

A

Axons of these neurons travel to the spinal cord through these

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25
Q

Promotor cortex fiunctions

A
  1. Helps plan movements
  2. Sensory feedback
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26
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Specialized motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech production

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27
Q

Frontal Eye frield

A

Controls voluntary movement of the eyes

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28
Q

Sensory areas of the Cerebral cortex

A

1) Primary somatosensory cortex
2) Somatosensory association cortex
3) Visual areas (sight)
4) Auditory areas (hearing)
5) Vestibular cortex (balance/orientation)
6) Olfactory cortex (smell)
7) Gustatory cortex (taste)
8) Visceral sensory area (sensations of internal organs)

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29
Q

Primary Somatosensory cortex

A

receive information from the general sensory receptors in skin
Forms a sensory homunculus

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30
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

The larger the body part, the more neurons are dedicated to that part of the body

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31
Q

Somatosensory Association Cortex

A

Integrates sensory input related to it through the primary somatosensory cortex
Produces understanding of what is being felt

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32
Q

Visual Areas

A
  1. Primary Visual Cortex
  2. Visual Association Are
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33
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Largest cortical sensory area
Receives visual info that originates on the retina in the eye

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34
Q

Visual Association Area

A

Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

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35
Q

Auditory Areas

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex
  2. Auditory association area
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36
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Interpretation of sound from inner ear as pitch, loudness and location

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37
Q

Auditory association area

A

Permits perception of sound stimulus and stores memories of sound for reference

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38
Q

Vestibular Cortex

A

Allows for conscious awareness of balance/orientation

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39
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Conscious awareness of different odors

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40
Q

Gustatory cortex

A

Percweption of taste stimuli

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41
Q

Visceral Sensory area

A

Allows conscious perception of visceral sensations

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42
Q

Lateralization

A

Separation of tasks from the right and left hemispheres

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43
Q

Cerebral dominance

A

One hemisphere dominates a particular task
Left- usually Brocha (language, math, etc.)
Right- Usually Wernicke (Insightful, creative)

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44
Q

Fiber tracts

A

Connect the left and right side of the brain

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45
Q

Classification of cerebral white matter

A
  1. Association fibers
  2. Commissural fibers
  3. Projection fibers
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46
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect different areas of the same hemisphere

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47
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Connect corresponding areas of different hemispheres

48
Q

Projection fibers

A

Allows sensory information to reach cortex motor output to leave cortex

49
Q

Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
50
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays sensory information into the cerebral cortex

51
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Main visceral control center in body

52
Q

Hypothalamus control functions

A
  1. Controls autonomic nervous system
  2. Initiates physical response to emotion
  3. Regulates body temperature
  4. Regulates food intake
  5. regulates water balance and thirst
  6. regulates sleep-wake cycle
  7. controls endocrine system function
53
Q

Epithalamus

A

Contains the pineal gland that secretes melatonin that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle

54
Q

Brain stem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla Oblongata
55
Q

Brain stem functions

A
  1. produces rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors
  2. Provides pathway for fiber tracts running from higher to lower brain centers
  3. Innervation of the head (10 of 12 cranial nerves associated)
56
Q

Midbrain functions

A
  1. Regulates motor movement
  2. regulared hearing and vision
  3. alartness
  4. temperature control
57
Q

Pons functions

A
  1. respiratory control
  2. bladder control
  3. swallowing
  4. most functions associated with attached cranial nerves
58
Q

medulla oblongata functions

A
  1. cardiovascular center
  2. respiratory center
  3. regulate vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, etc.
59
Q

cardiovascular center

A

regulates heart rate and blood pressure
higher contraction = more blood pressure

60
Q

Respiratory center

A

controls respiratory rhythm, depth of breath

61
Q

cerebellum

A

coordination and body position
1. thinking
2. language
3. emotion

62
Q

Functional brain stems

A

Networks of neurons that span multiple regions of the brain that world together to accomplish one or more related tasks
Include…
1. limbic system
2. reticular formation

63
Q

Limbic System

A
  1. Amygdaloid body
  2. Congulate gyrus
64
Q

Amygdaloid body

A

Response to preceieve threats with fear or aggression

65
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Expressing emotions through gestures, resoling mental conflicts during times of frustration

66
Q

Psychosomatic illness

A

Illness with physical symptoms that results specifically from emotional causes

67
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Responsible for decision making skills and plans out complex behaviors

68
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Keep us awake, alert, and aware

69
Q

RAS functions

A
  1. Sends continuous stream of impulses to the cerebral cortex
  2. Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak signals
70
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Production of spoken and written language, language processing and comprehension

71
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

Language comprehension, “speaking clearly”

72
Q

Short term memory

A

Stores small amounts of information for shor periods of time

73
Q

Long-term memory

A

Stores large amounts of information for longer periods of time

74
Q

Transfer of short to long term memory

A
  1. Emotional state
  2. Rehearsal
  3. Association
  4. Automatic memory
75
Q

Types of Memory

A

Declarative memory
Nondeclarative memory

76
Q

declarative memory

A

Learning explicit information (factual information)
language, names, dates, etc.

77
Q

Nondeclarative memory

A

Memories acquired through repetition (difficult to unlearn)
riding a bike, playing an instrument, etc.

78
Q

Forms of protection for the brain

A
  1. Skull
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
  4. Blood-brain barrier
79
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that surround and protect the brain

80
Q

3 layers of connective tissue make up the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

81
Q

Dura Mater

A

Most external layer

82
Q

Periosteal layer

A

Attaches to inner surface of skull bones

83
Q

Meningeal layer

A

Forms the true external covering of the brain

84
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Deep to dura mater

85
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains spider web-like projections to secure arachnoid mater to underlying pia mater

86
Q

Pia mater

A

Innermost meningeal layer
Highly vascularized

87
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord

88
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Produced by layer of cells in the ventricles

89
Q

Blood-brain barrier Created by…

A
  1. Tight junctions between cells
  2. Astrocytes and pericytes
90
Q

Function of blood-brain barrier

A

provides a constant environment for CNS tissue operation

91
Q

Concussions

A

Alteration in brain functions following a physical blow to the head

92
Q

Contusion

A

Permanent neurological damage resulting from bruising of the brain

93
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Senile plaques found throughout the brains in between beurons and eventually cause neuron death

94
Q

Alzheimer’s Symptoms

A

Memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation
Langugae loss, dementia, changes in personality/mood

95
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

Degeneration of dopamine-releasing cells in substantia nigra of mudbrain

96
Q

Parkinson’s Disease symptoms

A

Consistent tremors, stuff facial expression, forward bent walking posture

97
Q

Primary functions of the spinal cord

A

Conduction pathway
Major reflex center

98
Q

Conduction pathway

A

Carries impulses to and from the brain

99
Q

Major reflex center

A

Spinal reflexes are initiated and completed at the spinal cord level

100
Q

Conus medullaris

A

Tapered, cone-shaped structure where the spinal cord ends

101
Q

Filum terminale

A

Fibrous extensions that extend from conus medullaris to coccyx

102
Q

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

A

Where nerves serving upper and lower limbs arise

103
Q

Cauda equina

A

Collection of nerve roots at the end of the vertebral canal

104
Q

Central canal

A

At center
Serves spinal cord with Cerebrospinal fluid
Gray matter
White matter

105
Q

Dorsal horns

A

Projections of gray matter on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
Sensory input

106
Q

Ventral horns

A

Projections of gray matter on the ventral side of the spinal cord
Motor output

107
Q

Lateral horn

A

Projection of gray matter found only in thoracic and superior lumbar segments
Sympathetic neurons that serve visceral organs

108
Q

Roots

A

Where axons enter or leave the spinal cord

109
Q

Ventral roots

A

Where acons of ventral horm motor neurons (efferent) exit the spinal cord

110
Q

Dorsal roots

A

Where axons of sensory receptors (afferent) enter the spinal cord

111
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Swelling of a portion of the dorsal root where cell bodies of sensory neurons are found

112
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Dorsal and ventral roots fuse
Have both sensory and motor function

113
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of motor function
Inability or unwanted movements of certain parts of the body

114
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Injurt to spinal cord or venteral roots prevents impulses form reaching skeletal muscle tissue

115
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex are damaged

116
Q

Paraplegia

A

Transaction between T1 and L1
Loss of lower limb functioning

117
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Transection anywhere in the cervical region
Loss of function in all limbs

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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