Anatomy Chapter 12- The Central Nervous System Flashcards
1
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Central Nervous System
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Composed of Brain and Spinal Cord
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Four regions of the brain
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Cerebral Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
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Gray matter
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Contains dendrites, cell bodies, and axon terminals
All synapses are found in gray matter - motor control, sensory perception, memory, personality, etc.
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White matter
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Schwann cells and axons that sends the info along the length of the axon to the rest of the neuron
Form tracks
Passes messages between different areas of grat matter
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Cerebral cortex
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Outer layer of grat matter
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Central canal
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Found at the center of gray matter
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Ventricles
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Open cavities
Hollow chambers found in the brain that are filled with cerebropinal fluid and lined with ependymal cells
8
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2 lateral ventricles
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one in each cerebral hemisphere
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3rd ventricle
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found in diencephalon
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4th ventricle
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Found in hindbrain
11
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Cerebral hemispheres general regions
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Cerebral cortex (brain matter)
White matter (deeper)
Basal nuclei (deep to white matter)
12
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Gyri
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Ridges of cerebral hemispheres
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Sulci
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Shallow grooves that sit between gyri
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Longitudinal fissure
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Separates the left and right hemispheres
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Transverse cerebral fissure
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Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brain stem
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central sulcus
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Separates frontal lobe and parietal lobe
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Parieto-occupital sulcus
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Separates occipiutal lobe from the parietal lobe
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Lateral sulcus
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Separates the temporal lobe from the frinal and parietal lobes
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3 functional areas of the cortex
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- Motor areas- vluntary movement
- Sensory areas- conscious awareness of sensations
- association areas- integrate diverse information
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Contralateral
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Relating to or denoting the side of the body opposite to that on which a particular structure or condition occurs
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Motor Areas of the Cerebral cortex
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- Primary Motor cortex
- Premotor cortex
- Broca’s Area
- Frontal Eye Field
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Primary Motor Cortex
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Allows for conscious control of skilled/precise voluntary movements
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Pyramidal cells
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Large neurons found in primary motor cortex
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Corticospinal tracts
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Axons of these neurons travel to the spinal cord through these
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Promotor cortex fiunctions
1. Helps plan movements
2. Sensory feedback
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Broca's Area
Specialized motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech production
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Frontal Eye frield
Controls voluntary movement of the eyes
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Sensory areas of the Cerebral cortex
1) Primary somatosensory cortex
2) Somatosensory association cortex
3) Visual areas (sight)
4) Auditory areas (hearing)
5) Vestibular cortex (balance/orientation)
6) Olfactory cortex (smell)
7) Gustatory cortex (taste)
8) Visceral sensory area (sensations of internal organs)
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Primary Somatosensory cortex
receive information from the general sensory receptors in skin
Forms a sensory homunculus
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Sensory Homunculus
The larger the body part, the more neurons are dedicated to that part of the body
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Somatosensory Association Cortex
Integrates sensory input related to it through the primary somatosensory cortex
Produces understanding of what is being felt
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Visual Areas
1. Primary Visual Cortex
2. Visual Association Are
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Primary Visual Cortex
Largest cortical sensory area
Receives visual info that originates on the retina in the eye
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Visual Association Area
Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
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Auditory Areas
1. Primary auditory cortex
2. Auditory association area
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Primary auditory cortex
Interpretation of sound from inner ear as pitch, loudness and location
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Auditory association area
Permits perception of sound stimulus and stores memories of sound for reference
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Vestibular Cortex
Allows for conscious awareness of balance/orientation
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Olfactory cortex
Conscious awareness of different odors
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Gustatory cortex
Percweption of taste stimuli
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Visceral Sensory area
Allows conscious perception of visceral sensations
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Lateralization
Separation of tasks from the right and left hemispheres
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Cerebral dominance
One hemisphere dominates a particular task
Left- usually Brocha (language, math, etc.)
Right- Usually Wernicke (Insightful, creative)
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Fiber tracts
Connect the left and right side of the brain
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Classification of cerebral white matter
1. Association fibers
2. Commissural fibers
3. Projection fibers
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Association fibers
Connect different areas of the same hemisphere
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Commissural fibers
Connect corresponding areas of different hemispheres
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Projection fibers
Allows sensory information to reach cortex motor output to leave cortex
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Diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
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Thalamus
Relays sensory information into the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
Main visceral control center in body
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Hypothalamus control functions
1. Controls autonomic nervous system
2. Initiates physical response to emotion
3. Regulates body temperature
4. Regulates food intake
5. regulates water balance and thirst
6. regulates sleep-wake cycle
7. controls endocrine system function
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Epithalamus
Contains the pineal gland that secretes melatonin that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle
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Brain stem
1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
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Brain stem functions
1. produces rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors
2. Provides pathway for fiber tracts running from higher to lower brain centers
3. Innervation of the head (10 of 12 cranial nerves associated)
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Midbrain functions
1. Regulates motor movement
2. regulared hearing and vision
3. alartness
4. temperature control
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Pons functions
1. respiratory control
2. bladder control
3. swallowing
4. most functions associated with attached cranial nerves
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medulla oblongata functions
1. cardiovascular center
2. respiratory center
3. regulate vomiting, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, etc.
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cardiovascular center
regulates heart rate and blood pressure
higher contraction = more blood pressure
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Respiratory center
controls respiratory rhythm, depth of breath
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cerebellum
coordination and body position
1. thinking
2. language
3. emotion
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Functional brain stems
Networks of neurons that span multiple regions of the brain that world together to accomplish one or more related tasks
Include...
1. limbic system
2. reticular formation
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Limbic System
1. Amygdaloid body
2. Congulate gyrus
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Amygdaloid body
Response to preceieve threats with fear or aggression
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Cingulate gyrus
Expressing emotions through gestures, resoling mental conflicts during times of frustration
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Psychosomatic illness
Illness with physical symptoms that results specifically from emotional causes
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Prefrontal cortex
Responsible for decision making skills and plans out complex behaviors
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Reticular activating system
Keep us awake, alert, and aware
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RAS functions
1. Sends continuous stream of impulses to the cerebral cortex
2. Filters out repetitive, familiar, or weak signals
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Broca's Area
Production of spoken and written language, language processing and comprehension
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Wernicke's Area
Language comprehension, "speaking clearly"
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Short term memory
Stores small amounts of information for shor periods of time
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Long-term memory
Stores large amounts of information for longer periods of time
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Transfer of short to long term memory
1. Emotional state
2. Rehearsal
3. Association
4. Automatic memory
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Types of Memory
Declarative memory
Nondeclarative memory
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declarative memory
Learning explicit information (factual information)
language, names, dates, etc.
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Nondeclarative memory
Memories acquired through repetition (difficult to unlearn)
riding a bike, playing an instrument, etc.
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Forms of protection for the brain
1. Skull
2. Meninges
3. Cerebrospinal fluid
4. Blood-brain barrier
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Meninges
Membranes that surround and protect the brain
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3 layers of connective tissue make up the meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
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Dura Mater
Most external layer
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Periosteal layer
Attaches to inner surface of skull bones
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Meningeal layer
Forms the true external covering of the brain
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Arachnoid mater
Deep to dura mater
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Subarachnoid space
Contains spider web-like projections to secure arachnoid mater to underlying pia mater
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Pia mater
Innermost meningeal layer
Highly vascularized
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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Choroid plexus
Produced by layer of cells in the ventricles
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Blood-brain barrier Created by...
1. Tight junctions between cells
2. Astrocytes and pericytes
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Function of blood-brain barrier
provides a constant environment for CNS tissue operation
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Concussions
Alteration in brain functions following a physical blow to the head
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Contusion
Permanent neurological damage resulting from bruising of the brain
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Alzheimer's Disease
Senile plaques found throughout the brains in between beurons and eventually cause neuron death
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Alzheimer's Symptoms
Memory loss, shortened attention span, disorientation
Langugae loss, dementia, changes in personality/mood
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Parkinson's Disease
Degeneration of dopamine-releasing cells in substantia nigra of mudbrain
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Parkinson's Disease symptoms
Consistent tremors, stuff facial expression, forward bent walking posture
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Primary functions of the spinal cord
Conduction pathway
Major reflex center
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Conduction pathway
Carries impulses to and from the brain
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Major reflex center
Spinal reflexes are initiated and completed at the spinal cord level
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Conus medullaris
Tapered, cone-shaped structure where the spinal cord ends
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Filum terminale
Fibrous extensions that extend from conus medullaris to coccyx
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Cervical and lumbar enlargements
Where nerves serving upper and lower limbs arise
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Cauda equina
Collection of nerve roots at the end of the vertebral canal
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Central canal
At center
Serves spinal cord with Cerebrospinal fluid
Gray matter
White matter
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Dorsal horns
Projections of gray matter on the dorsal side of the spinal cord
Sensory input
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Ventral horns
Projections of gray matter on the ventral side of the spinal cord
Motor output
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Lateral horn
Projection of gray matter found only in thoracic and superior lumbar segments
Sympathetic neurons that serve visceral organs
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Roots
Where axons enter or leave the spinal cord
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Ventral roots
Where acons of ventral horm motor neurons (efferent) exit the spinal cord
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Dorsal roots
Where axons of sensory receptors (afferent) enter the spinal cord
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Dorsal root ganglia
Swelling of a portion of the dorsal root where cell bodies of sensory neurons are found
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Spinal nerves
Dorsal and ventral roots fuse
Have both sensory and motor function
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Paralysis
Loss of motor function
Inability or unwanted movements of certain parts of the body
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Flaccid paralysis
Injurt to spinal cord or venteral roots prevents impulses form reaching skeletal muscle tissue
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Spastic paralysis
Upper motor neurons of primary motor cortex are damaged
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Paraplegia
Transaction between T1 and L1
Loss of lower limb functioning
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Quadriplegia
Transection anywhere in the cervical region
Loss of function in all limbs
