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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 8- Joints > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 8- Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A

The site where two bones meet

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2
Q

General functions of joints

A
  1. Mobility- allows movement of various body parts
  2. Stability- holds the skeleton together (specifically axial)
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3
Q

General classification of joints

A
  1. Structural- type of tissue that connects bones at articulating surface
  2. Functional- amount of movement allowed by the joint
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4
Q

Synarthroses

A

No movement
Stability in axial skeleton (sutures)

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Limited movement (still has stability function as well)
Stability in both skeletal systems (more in axial)

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6
Q

Diarthroses

A

Free movement (can move in 1 or more directions)
Appendicular skeleton

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Joints composed of collagen fibers of connective tissue

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8
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmosomes
  3. Gomphoses
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9
Q

Sutures

A

“seams”
Found only between bones of the skull
Permits very little movement
Can ossify over time in adults to form syntoses

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10
Q

Syntoses

A

looks like bones straight across
replaced by bones over time

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11
Q

Syndesmosomes

A

Bones that are connected to one another only by ligaments

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12
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that join bone to bone
Movement allowed by the joint depends on length of ligament bands

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13
Q

Gomphoses

A

Only joint type that does not join bone to another bone
Joins tooth to bony alveolar socket

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14
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Joins the bone of the mandible/maxilla to the tooth
Fibers are short and provide little movement

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15
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones joined by cartilage

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16
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphysis
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17
Q

Synchondroses

A

Bones united with a plate of hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Occur in long bones
Type of synchondroses

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19
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Cartilage that moves the skin
Type of synchondroses

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20
Q

Symphysis

A

Fibrocartilage joins bone
Some movement allowed, but it is limited

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21
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Most complex because it allows for a lot of movement
Has a joint cavity - spaces between bones
Diarthroses

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22
Q

Six structures found in all synovial joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Innervation and vascularization
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23
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
Prevents bone rubbing

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24
Q

Joint cavity

A

Small space between articulating bones
Stores the synovial fluid

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25
Q

Articular capsule

A

Two-layered capsule that encloses the joint cavity

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26
Q

Articular capsule parts

A

Fibrous Layer
Synovial membrane

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27
Q

Fibrous Layer of Articular capsule

A

The outer layer that is continuous with the periosteum of bones
Gives tough quality
Connects bone with the other bone it joins with - serves to reinforce the joint and holds the bones together even better

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28
Q

Synovial membrane of the Articular capsule

A

Inner layer that lines joint cavity
Produce and secrete fluid that’s important for joint function

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29
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Slippery fluid occupying space in joint capsule and articular cartilages

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30
Q

Viscous

A

When joint is not active, synovial fluid is…

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31
Q

Thins and becomes watery

A

When joint is active, synovial fluid…

32
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

Bandlike ligaments that join articulating bones
Reinforce articular capsule
Where double-jointedness comes into play

33
Q

Innervation and vasculariation

A

Joints supplied with sensory nerve fibers

34
Q

Why is innervation to the joints so important?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Stretch
  3. Position
35
Q

Strcutures that might be associated with synovial joints

A
  1. Bursae
  2. Tendon sheath
36
Q

Bursae

A

flattened sacs that contain a small amount of synovial fluid
Reduces friction between adjacent structures

37
Q

Tendon Sheath

A

Elongated bursa that craps completely around a tendon subjected to frequency friction

38
Q

Articular surfaces

A

How well the two bones fit together
Golf ball sitting on a T

39
Q

Ligaments

A

The more of these, the stronger the joint and the more stability

40
Q

Muscle tone

A

Tendons attach muscle to bone and often wrap around or over joints
Most important
Any damage to the tendon that wraps around the joints will destabilize the joint

41
Q

Movements allowed by synovial joints

A
  1. Nonaxial
  2. Uniaxial movement
  3. Biaxial movement
  4. Multiaxial
42
Q

Nonaxial movement

A

no axis around which movement can take place
Bones that articulate have flat surfaces
Joint shape- plane joint
Movement- gliding
Ex: intercarpal & intertarsal joints (Wrists and ankles)

43
Q

Uniaxial movement

A

Allows for movement of joint around a single axis
movement- flexion, extension, rotation

44
Q

Uniaxial movement examples - joint shapes

A

Hinge joint (elbow joint)
Pivot joint (radius and ulna)

45
Q

Biaxial movement

A

Allows for movement of a joint around 2 axes

46
Q

Biaxial movement examples - joint shapes

A

Condylar joint (knuckle of finger)
Saddle joint (base of thumb)

47
Q

Multiaxial movement

A

Allows for movement of a joint around multiple axes (at least 3)
Movement- flexion/extention, abduction/adduction, rotation

48
Q

Multiaxial movement joint shape

A

Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder)

49
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
Modified hinge joint
Superior (right to left) and inferior portions (up and down)

50
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Where the humerus articulates with the scapula
Small amount of mobility

51
Q

Ligaments part of the glenohumeral joint

A

Coracohumeral ligament
Glenohumeral ligament

52
Q

Rotator cuff

A

Glenohumeral joint
4 muscles encircle this joint and hold the bone in place

53
Q

Glenoid labrum

A

Rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid fossa some stability
Ring of cartilage tissue that serves to slightly deepen the sockets where the joint is formed

54
Q

Elbow joint

A

Were the humerus articulates with the ulna

55
Q

Stability of the ulna

A
  1. Close fit of trochlea and trochlear notch to make it more stable
  2. Muscle and tendon of arm muscles wrap around the elbow to provide further stability
  3. Ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament
56
Q

Ulnar collateral ligament

A

Medial side

57
Q

Radial collateral ligament

A

lateral side

58
Q

Coxal joint

A

Where the head of the femur articulates with the os coxa
Stability provided by articular surfaces and strong ligaments

59
Q

Acetabular labrum

A

The acetabulum of os coxa has this to further deepen the socket to stabilize the joint

60
Q

Ligaments of the articular capsule

A

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Ischiofemoral ligament

61
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

Ligament of the head of the femur
Allows blood vessels to pass to the head of the femur

62
Q

Knee joint

A

Single joint cavity shared by 3 separate joints
- 1 femoropatellar joint
- 2 tibiofemoral joint (1 medial, 1 lateral)

63
Q

Menisci

A

Thin layer of fibrous cartilage at outer margins of tibiofemoral joints

64
Q

Cruciate migaments

A

Intracapsular ligaments that secure articulating bones and prevent displacement

65
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament

A

Prevents forward sliding of tibia and prevents hyperextension of the knee

66
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur

67
Q

Arthritis

A

Can be inflammatory (irritation of the joint tissue usually from bacteria or infection) or degenerative (issue that makes up the joint beaks down and disappears with time)

68
Q

Acute Arthritis

A

Bacterial, inflammatory

69
Q

Chronic Arthritis

A

usually degenerative and longlasting

70
Q

Types of arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis

71
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common form
Caused by more articular cartilage being destroyed than being replaced and bones rub together forming bone spurs

72
Q

Bone spurs

A

when exposed bone rubs together and bone ends deform, restricting movement at a joint
Spur will lock onto the glenoid labrum

73
Q

Rheumatoid artitis

A

autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder
Bilateral and degenerative
Invididuals will have flare ups when their immune systems are attacking their own joints

74
Q

Progression of Rheumatoid arthritis

A
  1. Synovial membrane becomes inflamed
  2. Lymphocytes and macrophages flood area to destroy cause of inflammation
  3. synovial fluid accumulates and a pannus forms
75
Q

Pannus

A

thickening of synovial membrane that breaks down cartilage tissue over time and bones will rub together
Ankylosis can occur

76
Q

Ankylosis

A

Bones fuse together where cartilage/joints used to be

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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