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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 8- Joints > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 8- Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Joints

A

The site where two bones meet

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2
Q

General functions of joints

A
  1. Mobility- allows movement of various body parts
  2. Stability- holds the skeleton together (specifically axial)
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3
Q

General classification of joints

A
  1. Structural- type of tissue that connects bones at articulating surface
  2. Functional- amount of movement allowed by the joint
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4
Q

Synarthroses

A

No movement
Stability in axial skeleton (sutures)

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5
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Limited movement (still has stability function as well)
Stability in both skeletal systems (more in axial)

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6
Q

Diarthroses

A

Free movement (can move in 1 or more directions)
Appendicular skeleton

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7
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Joints composed of collagen fibers of connective tissue

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8
Q

Types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmosomes
  3. Gomphoses
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9
Q

Sutures

A

“seams”
Found only between bones of the skull
Permits very little movement
Can ossify over time in adults to form syntoses

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10
Q

Syntoses

A

looks like bones straight across
replaced by bones over time

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11
Q

Syndesmosomes

A

Bones that are connected to one another only by ligaments

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12
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that join bone to bone
Movement allowed by the joint depends on length of ligament bands

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13
Q

Gomphoses

A

Only joint type that does not join bone to another bone
Joins tooth to bony alveolar socket

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14
Q

Periodontal ligament

A

Joins the bone of the mandible/maxilla to the tooth
Fibers are short and provide little movement

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15
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones joined by cartilage

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16
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. Synchondroses
  2. Symphysis
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17
Q

Synchondroses

A

Bones united with a plate of hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Occur in long bones
Type of synchondroses

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19
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Cartilage that moves the skin
Type of synchondroses

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20
Q

Symphysis

A

Fibrocartilage joins bone
Some movement allowed, but it is limited

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21
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Most complex because it allows for a lot of movement
Has a joint cavity - spaces between bones
Diarthroses

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22
Q

Six structures found in all synovial joints

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Joint cavity
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Innervation and vascularization
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23
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends
Prevents bone rubbing

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24
Q

Joint cavity

A

Small space between articulating bones
Stores the synovial fluid

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25
Articular capsule
Two-layered capsule that encloses the joint cavity
26
Articular capsule parts
Fibrous Layer Synovial membrane
27
Fibrous Layer of Articular capsule
The outer layer that is continuous with the periosteum of bones Gives tough quality Connects bone with the other bone it joins with - serves to reinforce the joint and holds the bones together even better
28
Synovial membrane of the Articular capsule
Inner layer that lines joint cavity Produce and secrete fluid that's important for joint function
29
Synovial fluid
Slippery fluid occupying space in joint capsule and articular cartilages
30
Viscous
When joint is not active, synovial fluid is...
31
Thins and becomes watery
When joint is active, synovial fluid...
32
Reinforcing ligaments
Bandlike ligaments that join articulating bones Reinforce articular capsule Where double-jointedness comes into play
33
Innervation and vasculariation
Joints supplied with sensory nerve fibers
34
Why is innervation to the joints so important?
1. Pain 2. Stretch 3. Position
35
Strcutures that might be associated with synovial joints
1. Bursae 2. Tendon sheath
36
Bursae
flattened sacs that contain a small amount of synovial fluid Reduces friction between adjacent structures
37
Tendon Sheath
Elongated bursa that craps completely around a tendon subjected to frequency friction
38
Articular surfaces
How well the two bones fit together Golf ball sitting on a T
39
Ligaments
The more of these, the stronger the joint and the more stability
40
Muscle tone
Tendons attach muscle to bone and often wrap around or over joints Most important Any damage to the tendon that wraps around the joints will destabilize the joint
41
Movements allowed by synovial joints
1. Nonaxial 2. Uniaxial movement 3. Biaxial movement 4. Multiaxial
42
Nonaxial movement
no axis around which movement can take place Bones that articulate have flat surfaces Joint shape- plane joint Movement- gliding Ex: intercarpal & intertarsal joints (Wrists and ankles)
43
Uniaxial movement
Allows for movement of joint around a single axis movement- flexion, extension, rotation
44
Uniaxial movement examples - joint shapes
Hinge joint (elbow joint) Pivot joint (radius and ulna)
45
Biaxial movement
Allows for movement of a joint around 2 axes
46
Biaxial movement examples - joint shapes
Condylar joint (knuckle of finger) Saddle joint (base of thumb)
47
Multiaxial movement
Allows for movement of a joint around multiple axes (at least 3) Movement- flexion/extention, abduction/adduction, rotation
48
Multiaxial movement joint shape
Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder)
49
Temporomandibular joint
Where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone Modified hinge joint Superior (right to left) and inferior portions (up and down)
50
Glenohumeral joint
Where the humerus articulates with the scapula Small amount of mobility
51
Ligaments part of the glenohumeral joint
Coracohumeral ligament Glenohumeral ligament
52
Rotator cuff
Glenohumeral joint 4 muscles encircle this joint and hold the bone in place
53
Glenoid labrum
Rim of fibrocartilage around glenoid fossa some stability Ring of cartilage tissue that serves to slightly deepen the sockets where the joint is formed
54
Elbow joint
Were the humerus articulates with the ulna
55
Stability of the ulna
1. Close fit of trochlea and trochlear notch to make it more stable 2. Muscle and tendon of arm muscles wrap around the elbow to provide further stability 3. Ulnar collateral ligament and radial collateral ligament
56
Ulnar collateral ligament
Medial side
57
Radial collateral ligament
lateral side
58
Coxal joint
Where the head of the femur articulates with the os coxa Stability provided by articular surfaces and strong ligaments
59
Acetabular labrum
The acetabulum of os coxa has this to further deepen the socket to stabilize the joint
60
Ligaments of the articular capsule
Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament
61
Ligamentum teres
Ligament of the head of the femur Allows blood vessels to pass to the head of the femur
62
Knee joint
Single joint cavity shared by 3 separate joints - 1 femoropatellar joint - 2 tibiofemoral joint (1 medial, 1 lateral)
63
Menisci
Thin layer of fibrous cartilage at outer margins of tibiofemoral joints
64
Cruciate migaments
Intracapsular ligaments that secure articulating bones and prevent displacement
65
Anterior cruciate ligament
Prevents forward sliding of tibia and prevents hyperextension of the knee
66
Posterior cruciate ligament
prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding of femur
67
Arthritis
Can be inflammatory (irritation of the joint tissue usually from bacteria or infection) or degenerative (issue that makes up the joint beaks down and disappears with time)
68
Acute Arthritis
Bacterial, inflammatory
69
Chronic Arthritis
usually degenerative and longlasting
70
Types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
71
Osteoarthritis
Most common form Caused by more articular cartilage being destroyed than being replaced and bones rub together forming bone spurs
72
Bone spurs
when exposed bone rubs together and bone ends deform, restricting movement at a joint Spur will lock onto the glenoid labrum
73
Rheumatoid artitis
autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder Bilateral and degenerative Invididuals will have flare ups when their immune systems are attacking their own joints
74
Progression of Rheumatoid arthritis
1. Synovial membrane becomes inflamed 2. Lymphocytes and macrophages flood area to destroy cause of inflammation 3. synovial fluid accumulates and a pannus forms
75
Pannus
thickening of synovial membrane that breaks down cartilage tissue over time and bones will rub together Ankylosis can occur
76
Ankylosis
Bones fuse together where cartilage/joints used to be

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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