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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 14- The Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 14- The Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

system responsible for voluntary muscle movements and somatic reflex arcs
Mostly voluntary / Only involuntary is if there’s damage somewhere in the spinal reflex

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2
Q

The autonomic Nervous System

A

Almost all effectors are visceral
involuntary control
homeostasis is maintained - stable internal environment
regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, pupil size, body temperature, increases/decreases stomach secretions

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3
Q

ANS vs SNS

A
  1. Effector organs
  2. Efferent pathways
  3. Neurotransmitter effects
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4
Q

Effector organs

A

SNS- skeletal muscle tissue
ANs- cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (visceral organs)

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5
Q

Efferent pathways and ganglia

A

SNS- single neuron extends from CNS to effector
ANS- Consists of a two-neuron chain to reach the effector

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6
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Cell body in the CNS, axon synapses with second motor neuron
Always ends motor output that sends visceral activity

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7
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

cell body is outside the CNS, axon extends to effector organ

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8
Q

Ganglia

A

Site of synapse between the pregangionic neuron and postganglionic neuron

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9
Q

Neurotransmitter effects

A

SNS- all release acetylcholine (excitatory)
ANS- Release norepinephrine or acetylcholine (excitatory or inhibitory)

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10
Q

ANS Parts

A
  1. Parasympathetic
  2. Sympathetic
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11
Q

Parasympathetic Division Known as…

A

“Rest and Digest”

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12
Q

Function of Parasympathetic

A

Directs “housekeeping” activities concerning digestion & waste elimination
heart rate & blood pressure (low bp and heart rate)
airway diameter (bronchi leading into lungs - not a large volume of air needed and airways will be smaller)
pupil diameter (smaller)
reproduction (gamete production increases)

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13
Q

Origin of Fibers of Parasympathetic

A

the brain and the sacral spinal cord
Preganglionic fibers are long
postganglionic fibers are short

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14
Q

Location of ganglia in parasympathetic

A

In or near the effector organ

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15
Q

Cranial Portion of Parasympathetic

A

Supplies fibers to head, neck, thoracic and abdominal regions
Fibers run in oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves

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16
Q

Oculomotor nerve

A

Innervates smooth muscle in eyes and muscles associated with lens
Controls 4/6 of the extrinsic eye muscles

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17
Q

Facial nerve

A

Stimulates large glands of the head
keeps nasal passages more fluid

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18
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Activates carotid salivary gland
Produces more salvia and fluids to keep nasal passages more fluid

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19
Q

vagus Nerve

A

provide fibers to the neck and almost every organ in thoracic & abdominal cavities
parasympathetic division

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20
Q

Cardiac plexus

A

Supplies fibers to the heart
resting- 72 bpm

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21
Q

Pulmonary plexus

A

Supplies preganglionic fibers to lung
12 breaths per minute

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22
Q

Esophageal plexus

A

Serves esophagus
Fibers extend into the abdominal cavity from this plexus that innervates the liver, gallbladder, stomach, etc.

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23
Q

Sacral Portion of the parasympathetic

A

From pelvic splanchnic nerves
serves pelvic organs and distal portion half of large intestine
will be stimulatory and waste remove
ovaries and testes more active

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24
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Fight or Flight

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25
Q

Function of Sympathetic division

A

Mobilizes the body for action by affecting heart rate and blood pressure, airway diameter, pupil diameter, digestion & waste elimination, reproduction, etc. - slows these things down

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26
Q

Fibers of the sympathetic division

A

thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord

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27
Q

Location of ganglia of sympathetic division

A

close to the spinal cord

28
Q

Sympathetic is more complex. why?

A

Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

29
Q

Anatomy of the sympathetic division

A

Preganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord and form the sympathetic trunk

30
Q

Sympathetic trunk

A

allows pre-ganglionic axons to travel to spinal nerves that are higher or lower than where they originate

31
Q

Pathway to the sympathetic trunk

A
  1. Preganglionic fiber exits spinal cord
  2. fibers bass through white ramus communicans
  3. fibers enter the sympathetic trunk ganglion
32
Q

White ramus communicans

A

guides the preganglionic fiber to the sympathetic trunk

33
Q

Ways fibers form synapses. 3:

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron synapse at the same level
    (straight to the side at the sympathetic trunk)
  2. Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron synapse at higher or lower level (Travels out to the effector organ - go up or down)
    3) Preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron synapse at distant collateral ganglion in abdomen and pelvis (no synapse)
34
Q

Collateral ganglion

A

Sits next to the sympathetic trunk where it synapses with the postganglionic fiber

35
Q

Grat rami communicans

A

Carry postganglionic fibers from sympathetic trunk ganglion to periphery

36
Q

Pathways to the Head from trunk ganglia

A

Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T4, synapse with postganglionic fibers at superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk
serves skin and blood vessels of head, stimulate dilator muscles of eyes, inhibits nasal and salivary glands, innervates muscle to upper eyelid, sends branches to heart (increases heart rate)

37
Q

Pathways to the thorax from trunk ganglia

A

Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T6
Most postganglionic axons pass through cardiac, pulmonary, & esophageal plexuses to effector organ
Travel with parasympathetic postganglionic neurons but they still have opposite effects on the effector organs
Causes airways to dilate and bring in oxygen so that you could supply it to the muscle tissue
Any neurons that synapse in collateral ganglia

38
Q

Pathways with Synapses in Collateral Ganglia

A

Form Splanchnic nerves
Greater splanchnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve, least splanchnic nerves
Lumbar splanchnic nerves and sacral splanchnic nerves

39
Q

Pathways to the abdomen

A

serve the stomach, most of intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys
Slows them down

40
Q

pathway to the pelvis

A

serves the bladder, reproductive organs, distal half of large intestine

41
Q

What is the general effect of the sympathetic division on abdominopelvic viscera?

A

Inhibitory effect, slows it down

42
Q

Visceral reflex arc components

A
  1. receptor in viscera
  2. sensory neurons
  3. integration center
  4. motor neurons
  5. visceral effector
43
Q

Acetylcholine

A

The effect is not entirely excitatory or inhibitory → depends on receptor it binds
Released by cholinergic fibers
Receptors that bind…
Nicotinic receptor
muscarinic receptor

44
Q

Cholinergic fibers

A

1) All ANS preganglionic axons
2) All parasympathetic postganglionic axons at synapse with effector

45
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

Found on: all postganglionic neurons (sympathetic & parasympathetic), hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla, sarcolemma of skeletal muscle cells
Also on the adrenal medulla - produces and releases norepinephrine and epinephrine
Effect: Binding of ACh here is always stimulatory
Depolarization of post ganglionic fibers

46
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

A

Found on: all parasympathetic effectors and some sympathetic effectors
Effect: Binding of ACh here is stimulatory or inhibitory
Rest and digest is increased in general

47
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Effect is not entirely inhibitory or excitatory → depends on receptor it binds
Released by adrenergic fibers at sympathetic postganglionic axons
Adrenergic Receptors that bind NE
1) Alpha receptors
2) Beta receptors

48
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Effect is not entirely inhibitory or excitatory → depends on receptor it binds
Released by adrenergic fibers at sympathetic postganglionic axons
Adrenergic Receptors that bind NE
1) Alpha receptors
2) Beta receptor

49
Q

Alpha receptors

A

All sympathetic target organs

50
Q

Beta receptors

A

heart, adipose tissue, kidneys, lungs, blood vessels
Can be stimulatory and inhibitory

51
Q

Dual Innervation

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions innervate organs → both send impulses to organ simultaneously

52
Q

Opposite effects

A

Whichever is sending more impulses in the same period of time will have a higher influence on the organ

53
Q

Vasomotor (Sympathetic) Tone:

A

continuous partial constriction of blood vessels (vaso- blood vessel)

54
Q

Why is partial constriction (i.e., muscle “tone”) important in muscle tissue?

A

When you are at rest, including skeletal muscle tissue, it will allow muscle to be responsive to neurotransmitters no matter how much you want it to

55
Q

If blood pressure is low

A

Vasomotor fibers will fire more rapidly
muscle contracts → blood vessels constrict

56
Q

If blood pressure is high

A

Vasomotor fibers fire less rapidly
muscle relaxes → blood vessels dilate

57
Q

Parasympathetic Tone:

A

Present mostly in cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue of digestive and urinary organs
Effect: slows heart rate, maintains normal activity of digestive & urinary organs

58
Q

Unique roles of the sympathetic division

A
  1. thermoregulatory response to heat (blood vessels dilate, sweat glands activate)
  2. Renin released from kidneys (increase blood pressure)
  3. Metabolic changes (increase metabolic rates in cells, higher blood glucose level, mobilize fats)
59
Q

parasympathetic division exterts…

A

highly localized, short-lived control by…
(1) One preganglionic neuron synapses with one or a few postganglionic neurons
(2) All parasympathetic fibers release ACh → quickly broken down by acetylcholinesterase

60
Q

Sympathetic division exerts…

A

diffuse (spread out), long-lasting control by…
(1) Preganglionic neurons synapse with multiple postganglionic neurons
(2) NE and epinephrine prolong effects of sympathetic division activation

61
Q

Anterior hypothalamic areas…

A

oversee parasympathetic division

62
Q

Posterior hypothalamic areas

A

oversee sympathetic division

63
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure
overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response
heart must work harder to circulate blood through narrow blood vessels
heart disease, enlarged arteries, kidney failure
Adrenergic-receptor blocking drugs

64
Q

Raynaud’s Disease

A

exaggerated vasoconstriction response due to cold or emotional stress
skin of fingers and toes becomes pale, temporarily decreased blood flow
Skin can eventually become cyanotic (blue), painful
Tissue not dead, but veryyyy oxygen deprived
When blood returns, it is normal and will also stimulate nociceptors and you will feel pain
Could be gangrene - black tissue; no saving it

65
Q

Autonomic dysreflexia

A

Affects individuals who are quadriplegic or have spinal cord injuries above T6
Usually triggered by some type of pain stimulus to skin or overfilled visceral organ
More than 80% of cases are because of an overfilled bladder of autonomic neurons
Effect: arterial blood pressure skyrockets
Can rupture blood vessels in brain causing stroke
Symptoms: headache, flushed face, sweating above injury, cold/clammy skin below injury

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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