Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
*****What is abnormal behaviour? 6 things (ASCUOB)
- atypical
- socially unacceptable
- causes distress to that person or to those around the person
- usually maladaptive
- often the product of distorted cognitions
- biological dysfunction
What is the Demonic Model?
- Mental illness seen as possessed by demons
- Exorcisms and witch hunts used to ‘treat’ illness
What is the Medical Biological Model?
- Focuses on the physiological conditions that initiate and underlie abnormal behaviour
- assumes abnormal behaviour can be diagnosed, treated and cured
What is the Psychodynamic Model?
- psychological disorders result from anxiety produced by unresolved conflicts outside a person’s awareness
What is the Humanistic Model?
- maladjustment occurs when a person’s needs are not met
What is the Behavioural Model?
- abnormal behaviour is learned through selective reinforcement and punishment
What is the Cognitive Model?
- human beings engage in both prosocial and maladjusted behaviours because of their thoughts
3 Critical Thoughts of Mental Illness
- most people do recover from mental illness
- few people with mental illness are violent
- most people with mental illness bear their pain privately
4 Misconceptions about Mental Illness
- Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing
- Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable
- Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid
- Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people
**What is the DSM-5?
-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
-a system for diagnosing maladjusted behaviour
-Published by American Psychiatric Association
-Warns to “think organic” (rule out physical causes of symptoms first)
-18 major categories of disorders and
cites the percentage of the population displaying the disorder
4 Criticisms of the DSM-5
- Not all valid
- Not all criteria is scientifically based
- High comorbidity
- Categorical and not dimensional
What is Anxiety?
- a generalized feeling of fear and apprehension that may be related to a particular situation or object often accompanied by increased physiological arousal
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
- A person with generalized anxiety disorder feels almost continuous anxiety for six months, increased activity of the autonomic nervous system, difficulty concentrating, and fatigue
- 3% of population and more prevalent in females/whites
*****What is Panic Disorder?
- Repeated Panic Attacks
- attacks of acute anxiety accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system arousal unrelated to a specific event
- Persistent concerns about future attacks
- A change in personal behaviour in an attempt to avoid them
- Can be caused by something or random
What is Agoraphobia?
- a marked fear and avoidance of being alone in a place from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing
- symptoms are hyperventilation, extreme tension, and cognitive disorganization
What is Social Phobia?
- is anxiety involving a fear of and a desire to avoid situations where one might be scrutinized by others
What is Specific Phobias?
- involves irrational and persistent fear of a particular object or situation Examples: blood phobia needle phobia clausterphobia
*****What is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
- Obsessions: persistent, uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs
- Compulsions: compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life
What are Mood disorders?
Mood disorders include:
- Major depressive disorder
- Bipolar disorder (and variants)
May be triggered by a specific event or have no identifiable cause
What is Major Depressive Disorder?
Presence of at least 5 of 9 symptoms, one of those being (1) depressed mood, or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
-Symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks and represent a change from previous functioning, and cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
*****What are 5 symptoms of MDD? (DLDPR)
- depressed mood
- loss of interest in usual activities
- difficulties in sleeping (insomnia)
- poor appetite and weight loss, or increased appetite and weight gain
- recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of death) or suicide
Onset and Duration of MDD?
First episode prior to age 40
Symptoms are readily apparent and may last for days, weeks, or months
Episodes may occur once or many times
Average episode lasts 6 months to 1 year, most people experience 5-6 episodes
Affects 1.3 million Canadians each year
Cognitive Theories of MDD?
Negative Triad: depressed people have negative views of - Themselves - Environment - Future Negative schemas Cognitive distortions
What is Learned Helplessness?
the behaviour of giving up or not responding shown by people and animals exposed to negative consequences over which the feel they have no control
What is the Biopsychosocial Model?
Vulnerability is a person’s diminished ability to deal with life events
The more vulnerable the person, the less stress or anxiety is needed to initiate depression
The link between vulnerability and stress is called diathesis-stress model
What is Bipolar Disorder?
People with the disorder experience behaviour varying between two extremes
Mania
Depression
What happens in the Manic and Depressed Phase of Bipolar Disorder?**
Manic phase:
- involves rapid speech, inflated self-esteem, impulsiveness, euphoria, and decreased need for sleep
Depressed phase:
- meet criteria for major depressive episode
What is Dissociative Amnesia?
a sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information
What is Dissociative Personality Disorder?
involves the existence within an individual of two more distinct personalities or ego states each dominant at different times
What is Schizophrenia?
lack of reality testing
deterioration of social and cognitive functioning
inability to meet the demands of life
*****What are positive and negative symptoms of Schiz?
Positive symptoms
- symptoms people with schizophrenia experience, but normal people do not
Negative symptoms
- behaviours that occur normally, but do not in schizophrenics
What are the causes of Schiz? 2 theories.
- a genetic or biological vulnerability underlies schizophrenia
- life stress interacts with vulnerability to produce schizophrenia
What Biological Factors could play a role in Schiz?
Number of brain abnormalities seen - Enlarged ventricles - Increased sulci size - Hypofrontalitiy Neurotransmitter dysfunciton - Dopamine and serotonin It is genetic
What are Personality Disorders
People with long-standing, inflexible, maladaptive behaviours that typically cause stress and social or occupational difficulties
What is Paranoid Personality Disorder?
odd or eccentric behaviour
Distrust and suspiciousness of others
What is Borderline Personality Disorder?
instability in mood, identity, and impulse control, often highly self-destructive
What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
Grandiosity
Need for admiration
Lack of empathy, individuals have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Pattern of emotionality
Attention seeking by exaggerating situations in their lives
What is Antisocial personality Disorder
Disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Impulsivity
Self-centred
What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?
Social inhibition
Feelings of inadequacy
Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
What is Dependant Personality Disorder?
Need to be taken care of
Submissiveness and clinging behaviours
Fears of separation
Multi-axial of Disorders? ** (CPGPG)
Axis I: Clinical disorders
Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation
Axis III: General medical conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial or environmental problems
Axis V: Global assessment of functioning (GAF)
