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Psychology 101 > Chapter 10 Child Development > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Child Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Study of how behaviour changes over a lifespan

-Biological, maturational, social changes

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2
Q

Bidirectional Influences

A

Human development is a 2 way street

-Development influences experience and vice versa

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3
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Systematic differences between people of different generations

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4
Q

2 Key Research Designs

A

1) Cross-Sectional: Examine people at different ages at the same time
- no cohort effects
2) Longitudinal: Track development of same group/person over long period of time
- Takes into consideration cohort effects

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5
Q

5 Issues for Developmental Psychology (SACCN)

A

1) Stability vs Change
2) Activity vs Passivity
3) Continuity vs Discontinuity
4) Culture
5) Nature vs Nurture

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6
Q

Gene Expression vs Gene-Environment Interaction

A

GE: Turning genes on or off based on environmental experiences
GEI: Effects of genes depend on environment and vice versa

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7
Q

David Reimer info

A
  • Born a boy, injury in circumcision.
  • Parents decided to raise him as a girl as a part of an experiment to see if nurture > nature for gender.
  • Had to never tell David he was actually a boy
  • Worked for a time and Dr. Money published that a person could be born one gender but raised another.
  • Complications began, David never fit in with any girls or boys.
  • Experiment failed when David was told truth and decided to go back.
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8
Q

3 Stages of Prenatal Development (GEF)

A

1) Germinal Stage (week 1)
- Zygote divides and forms blastocyst
2) Embryonic Stage (week 2-8)
- Blastocyst becomes embryo and limbs, organs, face develops(brain)
3) Fetal Stage (week 9-38)
- Embryo becomes fetus (organs form)

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9
Q

3 Ways Fetal Development is Disrupted (EGP)

A

1) Exposure to Teratogens
- Alcohol, drugs, smoking, anxiety
2) Genetic Disorders
- Cell errors leading to down syndrome/birth mark
3) Prematurity
- 36 weeks or earlier

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10
Q

What is a Teratogen?

A

Environmental factors that can cause birth defects

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11
Q

Features of Teratogens in Children

A
  • Thin upper lip
  • Flat midface
  • short nose
  • low nasal bridge
  • Ears not formed
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12
Q

5 Newborn Reflexes (BMRSG)

A

1) Babinski
- fanning of toes
2) Moro Reflex
- loud noise causes limbs to stretch and crying
3) Rooting Reflex
- Head turns toward light touch
4) Sucking Reflex
- Finger/nipple in mouth
5) Grasping Reflex
- Object in palm

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13
Q

Infant Perception Method

A

Participants
-6-14 months, can crawl
Procedure
-Placed on platform and observe where they go
Results
-<9 months willing to crawl to deep side
->9 months not going to deep side, showing visual cliff

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14
Q

3 Theories of Cognitive Development (SDP)

A

1) Stagelike (spurts) vs Continuous (gradual)
2) Domain general (all at once) vs Domain Specific (independently)
3) Principal Source of Learning (physical experience, social interaction)

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15
Q

Jean Piaget Info

A
  • Swiss psychologist
  • Examined cognitive development in children
  • Focused on how people think
  • Domain-general belief
  • “Children are not miniature adults”
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16
Q

Schema

A

Organized way of interacting with the environment

-A template in our head

17
Q

Assimilation vs Accommodation

A

Ass: New ideas are incorporated into schema
Acc: Previously developed schema is modified to adapt to new experiences.

18
Q

Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage

A
  • Birth to 2 years old
  • Focus on here and now
  • develop memory at 2-3 months
  • Lack mental representation, object permanence, differed imitation.
19
Q

Piaget Stage 2: Pre-operational Stage

A
  • 2 to 7 years old
  • Reality seen through symbolic thought (banana phone)
  • Only see their view
  • Animistic: attributing intentions to object (rain crying)
20
Q

Piaget Stage 3: Concrete Operations Stage

A
  • 7 to 11 years old
  • able to understand constant factors and rules
  • Conservation: objects can be changed and still the same
21
Q

Pro’s and Con’s to Piaget Theory

A 
Pro
-Changed how we see cognitive development
-learning is active, not passive
-children aren't small adults
Con
-Develop is more continuous 
-culturally biased
22
Q

**Ecological Systems Theory 4 Stages (MIMEEXMA)

A

Child (by Bromfnbrenner)

1) Microsystem: Small immediate relationship they interact with (parents school neighbourhood)
2) Mesosystem: How different parts of microsystem work together for sake of child (Parents coaching)
3) Exosystem: People/places that child doesn’t interact with lots but still has impact (parent workplace)
4) Macrosystem: Largest/most remote set of people/things to child but has great influence (laws, norms, culture)

23
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

A

Dialogues between children fuels development
Private speech helps behaviour
No domain general stages

24
Q

2 parts of Sociocultural theory

A

1) Scaffolding: Adults set up structure to help children solve problems
2) Zone of Proximal Development: Difference between where child is on their own and with help.

25
Q

Theory of Mind

A

An understanding of mental states(feelings and intentions) and their casual role in behaviour
-develops at 3

26
Q

Attachment

A

Strong emotional tie to special people

27
Q

Bonding

A

Special process of emotional attachment that occurs between parents and babies after birth

28
Q

Imprinting

A

Bonding with first moving thing seen after birth

29
Q

Strange Situation Steps

A

Mary Ainsworth

1) Infant placed in unfamiliar room with mom and toys
2) Stanger enters
3) Mom exits for sometime then comes back

30
Q

4 attachment types in infants (SIID)

A

1) Secure (60%)
- Upset then happy
2) Insecure-Avoidant (15-20%)
- lack of interest when leaves and returns
3) Insecure- Anxious (15-20%)
- Panics when leaves, hesitant when returns
4) Disorganized (5-10%)
- Confused when leaves and returns

31
Q

Temperament + 3 styles (ESD)

A 
Basic emotional style that appears early in development and largely genetic
1) Easy child (40%)
-happy
2) Slow to warm up (15%)
-cautious, shy
3) Difficult (10%)
-physical activity, restless, distracted, not soothing
35% no category
32
Q

Kohlbergs 3 levels of morality

A

1) Pre-conventional
- focused on punishment and reward
2) Conventional
- focused on societies views/values
3) Post Conventional
- focused on internal moral beliefs

33
Q

Erik Erikson info

A
  • Coined the term “identity crisis”
  • believed personality grew continually
  • Developed Psychosocial stages of development
34
Q

4 Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Development (ITEM)

A

1) Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months)
2) Toddler: Autonomy vs Shame/doubt (18 months - 3 years)
3) Early childhood: Initiative vs Guilt (3 - 6 years)
4) Middle Childhood: industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)

Psychology 101 (8 decks)

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