Chapter 10 Child Development

Question 1

Developmental Psychology

Answer 1

Study of how behaviour changes over a lifespan

-Biological, maturational, social changes

Question 2

Bidirectional Influences

Answer 2

Human development is a 2 way street

-Development influences experience and vice versa

Question 3

Cohort Effects

Answer 3

Systematic differences between people of different generations

Question 4

2 Key Research Designs

Answer 4

1) Cross-Sectional: Examine people at different ages at the same time
- no cohort effects
2) Longitudinal: Track development of same group/person over long period of time
- Takes into consideration cohort effects

Question 5

5 Issues for Developmental Psychology (SACCN)

Answer 5

1) Stability vs Change
2) Activity vs Passivity
3) Continuity vs Discontinuity
4) Culture
5) Nature vs Nurture

Question 6

Gene Expression vs Gene-Environment Interaction

Answer 6

GE: Turning genes on or off based on environmental experiences
GEI: Effects of genes depend on environment and vice versa

Question 7

David Reimer info

Answer 7

• Born a boy, injury in circumcision.
• Parents decided to raise him as a girl as a part of an experiment to see if nurture > nature for gender.
• Had to never tell David he was actually a boy
• Worked for a time and Dr. Money published that a person could be born one gender but raised another.
• Complications began, David never fit in with any girls or boys.
• Experiment failed when David was told truth and decided to go back.

Question 8

3 Stages of Prenatal Development (GEF)

Answer 8

1) Germinal Stage (week 1)
- Zygote divides and forms blastocyst
2) Embryonic Stage (week 2-8)
- Blastocyst becomes embryo and limbs, organs, face develops(brain)
3) Fetal Stage (week 9-38)
- Embryo becomes fetus (organs form)

Question 9

3 Ways Fetal Development is Disrupted (EGP)

Answer 9

1) Exposure to Teratogens
- Alcohol, drugs, smoking, anxiety
2) Genetic Disorders
- Cell errors leading to down syndrome/birth mark
3) Prematurity
- 36 weeks or earlier

Question 10

What is a Teratogen?

Answer 10

Environmental factors that can cause birth defects

Question 11

Features of Teratogens in Children

Answer 11

• Thin upper lip
• Flat midface
• short nose
• low nasal bridge
• Ears not formed

Question 12

5 Newborn Reflexes (BMRSG)

Answer 12

1) Babinski
- fanning of toes
2) Moro Reflex
- loud noise causes limbs to stretch and crying
3) Rooting Reflex
- Head turns toward light touch
4) Sucking Reflex
- Finger/nipple in mouth
5) Grasping Reflex
- Object in palm

Question 13

Infant Perception Method

Answer 13

Participants
-6-14 months, can crawl
Procedure
-Placed on platform and observe where they go
Results
-<9 months willing to crawl to deep side
->9 months not going to deep side, showing visual cliff

Question 14

3 Theories of Cognitive Development (SDP)

Answer 14

1) Stagelike (spurts) vs Continuous (gradual)
2) Domain general (all at once) vs Domain Specific (independently)
3) Principal Source of Learning (physical experience, social interaction)

Question 15

Jean Piaget Info

Answer 15

• Swiss psychologist
• Examined cognitive development in children
• Focused on how people think
• Domain-general belief
• “Children are not miniature adults”

Question 16

Schema

Answer 16

Organized way of interacting with the environment

-A template in our head

Question 17

Assimilation vs Accommodation

Answer 17

Ass: New ideas are incorporated into schema
Acc: Previously developed schema is modified to adapt to new experiences.

Question 18

Piaget Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 18

• Birth to 2 years old
• Focus on here and now
• develop memory at 2-3 months
• Lack mental representation, object permanence, differed imitation.

Question 19

Piaget Stage 2: Pre-operational Stage

Answer 19

• 2 to 7 years old
• Reality seen through symbolic thought (banana phone)
• Only see their view
• Animistic: attributing intentions to object (rain crying)

Question 20

Piaget Stage 3: Concrete Operations Stage

Answer 20

• 7 to 11 years old
• able to understand constant factors and rules
• Conservation: objects can be changed and still the same

Question 21

Pro’s and Con’s to Piaget Theory

Answer 21

Pro
-Changed how we see cognitive development
-learning is active, not passive
-children aren't small adults
Con
-Develop is more continuous 
-culturally biased

Question 22

**Ecological Systems Theory 4 Stages (MIMEEXMA)

Answer 22

Child (by Bromfnbrenner)

1) Microsystem: Small immediate relationship they interact with (parents school neighbourhood)
2) Mesosystem: How different parts of microsystem work together for sake of child (Parents coaching)
3) Exosystem: People/places that child doesn’t interact with lots but still has impact (parent workplace)
4) Macrosystem: Largest/most remote set of people/things to child but has great influence (laws, norms, culture)

Question 23

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

Answer 23

Dialogues between children fuels development
Private speech helps behaviour
No domain general stages

Question 24

2 parts of Sociocultural theory

Answer 24

1) Scaffolding: Adults set up structure to help children solve problems
2) Zone of Proximal Development: Difference between where child is on their own and with help.

Question 25

Theory of Mind

Answer 25

An understanding of mental states(feelings and intentions) and their casual role in behaviour
-develops at 3

Question 26

Attachment

Answer 26

Strong emotional tie to special people

Question 27

Bonding

Answer 27

Special process of emotional attachment that occurs between parents and babies after birth

Question 28

Imprinting

Answer 28

Bonding with first moving thing seen after birth

Question 29

Strange Situation Steps

Answer 29

Mary Ainsworth

1) Infant placed in unfamiliar room with mom and toys
2) Stanger enters
3) Mom exits for sometime then comes back

Question 30

4 attachment types in infants (SIID)

Answer 30

1) Secure (60%)
- Upset then happy
2) Insecure-Avoidant (15-20%)
- lack of interest when leaves and returns
3) Insecure- Anxious (15-20%)
- Panics when leaves, hesitant when returns
4) Disorganized (5-10%)
- Confused when leaves and returns

Question 31

Temperament + 3 styles (ESD)

Answer 31

Basic emotional style that appears early in development and largely genetic
1) Easy child (40%)
-happy
2) Slow to warm up (15%)
-cautious, shy
3) Difficult (10%)
-physical activity, restless, distracted, not soothing
35% no category

Question 32

Kohlbergs 3 levels of morality

Answer 32

1) Pre-conventional
- focused on punishment and reward
2) Conventional
- focused on societies views/values
3) Post Conventional
- focused on internal moral beliefs

Question 33

Erik Erikson info

Answer 33

• Coined the term “identity crisis”
• believed personality grew continually
• Developed Psychosocial stages of development

Question 34

4 Stages of Psychosocial Stages of Development (ITEM)

Answer 34

1) Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust (0-18 months)
2) Toddler: Autonomy vs Shame/doubt (18 months - 3 years)
3) Early childhood: Initiative vs Guilt (3 - 6 years)
4) Middle Childhood: industry vs Inferiority (6-12 years)