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Contrast Studies > Chapter 15 - pathology/terminology > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - pathology/terminology Flashcards

1
Q

dislocation (luxation)

A

the bone is displaced from a joint

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2
Q

subluxation

A

a partial dislocation

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3
Q

nursemaid’s elbow (jerked elbow)

A

partial dislocation of the radial head of a child

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4
Q

apposition

A

the manner in which the fragmented ends of the bone make contact with each other

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5
Q

name the three types of apposition

A

anatomic apposition, lack of apposition, & bayonet apposition

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6
Q

anatomic apposition

A

end of the fragments make end-to-end contact

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7
Q

lack of apposition (distraction)

A

ends of a fragments are aligned but are not making contact with each other

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8
Q

bayonet apposition

A

the fragments overlap and the shafts make contact but not at the fracture ends.

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9
Q

angulation

A

loss of alignment of the fracture (apex is the direction of the angulation)

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10
Q

name three types of angulation

A

apex angulation, varus deformity, valgus deformity

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11
Q

what is apex angulation

A

describes the direction of the apex

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12
Q

what is varus deformity

A

the distal fragment ends are angled toward the midline of the body and results in a lateral apex that points away from the midline

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13
Q

what is valgus deformity

A

opposite of varus: the distal fragment ends are angled away from the midline and the apex is pointed toward the midline

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14
Q

inversion

A

varus

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15
Q

eversion

A

valgus

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16
Q

simple (closed) fracture

A

bone does not break through the skin

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17
Q

compound (open) fracture

A

portion of the bone protrudes through the skin

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18
Q

incomplete (partial) fracture

A

the fracture does not traverse through entire bone

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19
Q

two types of incomplete fracture

A

torus & greenstick

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20
Q

torus fracture

A

buckle of the cortex (outer portion of the bone) is characterized by localized expansion or torus of the cortex with little or no displacement

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21
Q

greenstick fracture (hickory or willow stick fx)

A

fracture is only on one side. the cortex on one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent

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22
Q

complete fracture

A

the break is complete

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23
Q

name three types of complete fractures

A

transverse, oblique, & spiral

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24
Q

transverse fracture

A

fracture is transverse at a near right angle to the long axis of the bone

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25
Q

oblique fracture

A

the fracture passes through bone at an oblique angle

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26
Q

spiral fracture

A

the bone has been twisted apart and the fracture spirals around the long axis

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27
Q

comminuted fracture

A

the bone is splintered or crushed at the site of impact resulting in two or more fragments

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28
Q

name the three types of comminuted fractures

A

segmental, butterfly, & splintered

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29
Q

segmental fracture

A

a type of double fracture in which two fracture lines isolate a distinct segment of bone; the bone is broken into three pieces, with the middle fragment fractured at both ends

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30
Q

butterfly fracture

A

a comminuted fracture with two fragments on each side of a main, wedge-shaped separate fragment; it has some resemblance to the wings of a butterfly

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31
Q

splintered fracture

A

a comminuted fracture in which the bone is splintered into thin sharp fragments

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32
Q

impacted fracture

A

one fragment is firmly driven into the other

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33
Q

Barton’s fracture

A

intra-articular fracture of the posterior lip of the distal radius

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34
Q

baseball (mallet) fracture

A

fracture of the distal phalanx is caused by a ball striking the end of an extended finger. the DIP joint is partially flexed and an avulsion fracture is frequently present at the posterior base of the distal phalanx

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35
Q

Bennett’s fracture

A

longitudinal fracture, which occurs at the base of the first metacarpal with the fracture line entering the carpometacarpal joint, generally includes a posterior dislocation or subluxation

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36
Q

boxer’s fracture

A

involves the distal fifth metacarpal, with an apex posterior angulation best demonstrated on the lateral view. it’s results is from punching something or someone

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37
Q

colles’ fracture

A

fracture of the wrist in which the distal radius is fractured with the distal fragment displaced posteriorly. may result from a forward fall on an outstretched arm.

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38
Q

smith’s fracture (reverse colles’)

A

fracture of the wrist in which the distal radius is fractured with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly rather than posteriorly. backwards fall on outstretched arms

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39
Q

pott’s fracture

A

a complete fracture of the distal fibula with major injury to the ankle joint, including ligament damage and frequent fracture of the distal tibia or medial malleolus

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40
Q

avulsion fracture

A

severe stress to a tendon or ligament in a joint region. a fragment of bone is separated or pulled away by the attached tendon or ligament

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41
Q

blowout and/or tripod fracture

A

results from a direct blow to the orbit and/or maxilla and zygoma, create fractures to the orbital floor and lateral orbital margins, respectively.

42
Q

chip fracture

A

involves an isolated bone fragment, however, this is not the same as an avulsion fracture because this fracture is not cause by tendon or ligament stress.

43
Q

compression fracture

A

this vertebral fracture is caused by compression-type injury. the vertebral body collapses or is compressed.

44
Q

depressed fracture (Ping-Pong)

A

fracture of the skull, a fragment is depressed. the appearance is similar to a Ping-Pong ball that has been pressed in by the finger, but if the indentation can be elevated again, it can assume its near-original position

45
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

fracture through the epiphyseal plate , the point of union of the epiphyseal and shaft of a bone. usually long bones in children

46
Q

pathologic fracture

A

fractures due to disease process within the bone

47
Q

stellate fracture

A

the fracture lines radiate from a central point of injury with a star-like pattern. most common site is at the patella

48
Q

stress or fatigue fracture (march)

A

non-traumatic in origin. it results from repeated stress on a bone, such as from marching or running

49
Q

trimalleolar fracture

A

this fracture of the ankle joint involves the medial and lateral malleoli as well as the posterior lip of the distal tibia

50
Q

tuft or burst fracture

A

this comminuted fracture of the distal phalanx may be caused by a crushing blow to the distal finger or thumb

51
Q

closed reduction

A

fracture fragments are re-aligned by manipulation and are immobilized by a cast or splint. a non-surgical procedure

52
Q

open reduction

A

severe fractures with significant displacement. a surgical procedure is required

53
Q

open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF)

A

surgical procedure involving screws, rods, and plates

54
Q

post-reduction radiographs

A

two projections taken at right angles of each other for full assessment of the fracture reduction

55
Q

what is the increase in KV for cast?

A

fiberglass - +3 to +4, small to medium - +5 to +7, large - +8 to +10

56
Q

ACL stands for what?

A

anterior cruciate ligament

57
Q

arthrodesis

A

stiffening of a joint by operative means

58
Q

arthropathy

A

any disease that affects a joint

59
Q

arthroplasty

A

creation of an artificial joint to correct ankylosis

60
Q

asepsis

A

a state of sterility; condition in which living pathogens are absent

61
Q

cancellous screw

A

orthopedic screw designed to enter and fix porous and spongy bone

62
Q

cannulated screw

A

large screw used for internal fixation of non-displaced fractures of proximal femur

63
Q

cardiac pacemaker

A

an artificial regulator for cardiac rate and rhythm

64
Q

cerclage wire

A

orthopedic wire that tightens around fracture site to reduce shortening of limb

65
Q

cesium implants

A

the use of radioactive cesium in the treatment of certain malignancies, including prostate cancer

66
Q

cholecystectomy

A

surgical removal of gallbladder

67
Q

cortical screw

A

narrow orthopedic screw designed to enter and fix cortical bone

68
Q

CR

A

closed reduction - cast or traction

69
Q

cystoscope

A

lighted tubular endoscope used for examination of the urinary bladder

70
Q

DHS

A

dynamic hip screw

71
Q

dynamic compression plate

A

screw and plate combination used to apply forces through the fracture site; used commonly for long bone shaft fractures in which stress may be great

72
Q

ESWL - extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

electrohydraulic shock waves used to break apart calcifications in the urinary system

73
Q

EX-FIX

A

external fixation

74
Q

fracture table (orthopedic)

A

a special OR table used for hip pinnings and other orthopedic procedures to provide traction to the involved limb and allow fluoroscopy to be performed during the procedure

75
Q

hip pinning

A

surgical procedure designed to reduce proximal femoral fractures through the use of various internal fixation devices

76
Q

HTO

A

high tibial osteotomy

77
Q

ilizarov technique

A

procedure in which a special external fixator is used to lengthen long bones as treatment for severe fracture or congenital deformity

78
Q

IM nail

A

intramedullary nail

79
Q

interbody bone fusion device

A

titanium or other alloy cage filled with bone and inserted between the vertebral bodies to maintain disk space height and permit fusion of the intervertebral joint

80
Q

intramedullary rod

A

a flexible or rigid device placed within the medullary cavity to reduce a fracture or stabilize a diseased long bone

81
Q

kirschner wire (k-wire)

A

unthreaded (smooth) or threaded metallic wire used to reduce fractures of the wrist and individual bones of the hands and feet; also may be used for skeletal traction

82
Q

laminectomy

A

a surgical procedure performed to alleviate pain caused by neural impingement by removing an aspect of the lamina in the vertebral arch

83
Q

laminotomy

A

surgical opening into one or more laminae of the vertebral arch

84
Q

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A

use of a special endoscopic device to visualize and assist with surgical removal of the gallbladder

85
Q

lithotripsy

A

crushing of calcification in the renal pelvis, ureter, or urinary bladder by mechanical force or sound waves

86
Q

microdiskectomy

A

microsurgical procedure performed on the spine to remove bony fragments or disk material that may be causing neural impingement

87
Q

neural impingement

A

a condition in which bony changes or a herniated disk produces impingement of the spinal nerve that pass through the vertebral arch of the vertebra

88
Q

operative (immediate) cholangiography

A

radiographic procedure performed during surgery to visualize and locate undetected stones or obstructions within the biliary ducts

89
Q

PCL

A

posterior cruciate ligament

90
Q

prosthesis

A

fabricated (artificial) substitute for a diseased or missing anatomic part

91
Q

reduce

A

to align two bone fragments in the correct position as treatment for a fracture, as applied in orthopedic medicine

92
Q

retrograde urography

A

a nonfunctional examination of the urinary system during which contrast media is introduced directly retrograde (backward, against the flow) into the pelvicalyceal system via catheterization by a urologist during a minor surgical procedure

93
Q

semitubular plate

A

flexible and thin orthopedic plate used to fix and connect fractures

94
Q

shower curtain

A

an isolation drape that separates the sterile field from the nonsterile environment; often used to permit the use of C-arm fluoroscopy during a hip pinning procedure

95
Q

spinal fusion

A

surgical fusion of one vertebra to another, which stabilizes them following laminectomy or as treatment for a degenerative condition or fracture

96
Q

spinal stenosis

A

condition caused by degenerative changes that result in enlargement of the facet joints, which often leads to impingement of the spinal nerves that pass by them

97
Q

strike-through

A

soaking of moisture through a sterile or nonsterile drape, cover, or protective barrier, permitting bacteria to reach sterile areas

98
Q

THR, THA

A

total hip replacement, total hip appliance

99
Q

TKR, TKA

A

total knee replacement, total knee appliance

100
Q

total joint arthroplasty

A

the use of artificial joint implants to restore motion and function of a joint - total hip replacement

101
Q

traction

A

the process of putting a limb, bone, or group of muscles under tension with the use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize the part

Contrast Studies (6 decks)

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