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Contrast Studies > Chapter 14 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

acute renal failure

A

marked by uremia, oliguria, or anuria with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema; IVU demos little or no contrast media filtered through the kidney. ultrasound safe alternative.

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2
Q

angioedema

A

regions or areas of subcutaneous swelling caused by an allergic reaction to food or drugs.

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3
Q

anuria

A

complete cessation of urinary secretion by the kidneys; also called anuresis

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4
Q

bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

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5
Q

bradycardia

A

slowness of heartbeat, usually <50 beats/minute

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6
Q

bronchospasm

A

contraction of the bronchi and bronchiolar muscles, producing restriction of air passages

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7
Q

diuretic

A

an agent that increases excretion of urine

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8
Q

fecaluria

A

fecal matter in the urine

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9
Q

glucosuria

A

glucose in the urine

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10
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

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11
Q

hypotension

A

below normal arterial blood pressure

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12
Q

laryngospasm

A

closure of the glottis aperture within the glottic opening of the larynx

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13
Q

lasix

A

brand name for a diuretic

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14
Q

lithotripsy

A

a therapeutic technique that uses acoustic (sound) waves to shatter large kidney stones into small particles that can be passed

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15
Q

micturition

A

the act of voiding or urination

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16
Q

nephroptosis

A

excessive inferior displacement of the kidney when erect

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17
Q

oliguria

A

excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake, usually defined as less than 400 ml/24 hr.

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18
Q

two other names for oliguria

A

hypouresis or oligouresis

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19
Q

pneumouria

A

presence of gas in the urine, usually as the result of a fistula between the bladder and the intestine

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20
Q

polyuria

A

passage of a large volume of urine in relation to fluid intake during a given period; a common symptom of diabetes.

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21
Q

proteinuria

A

the presence of excessive serum protein levels in the urine; also termed albuminuria

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22
Q

renal agenesis

A

absence of formation of a kidney

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23
Q

renal failure ( acute or chronic)

A

the inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake

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24
Q

chronic renal failure

A

results from a wide variety of conditions and may require hemodialysis or transplantation

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25
Q

retention

A

the inability to void, which may be due to obstruction in the urethra or lack of sensation to urinate

26
Q

syncope

A

loss of consciousness caused by reduced cerebral blood flow.

27
Q

syncope also means

A

fainting

28
Q

tachycardia

A

rapid heartbeat, usually >100 beats/minute

29
Q

uremia

A

an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acid metabolism; often present with chronic renal failure.

30
Q

uremia is also known as

A

azotemia

31
Q

urinary incontinence

A

involuntary passage of urine through the urethra; commonly caused by failure of voluntary control of the vesical and urethral sphincters

32
Q

urinary reflux

A

backward or return flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and kidney;

33
Q

urinary reflux is also termed

A

vesicoureteral reflux

34
Q

urinary tract infection (UTI)

A

infection that frequently occurs in adults and children caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or certain parasites; commonly caused by vesicoureteral reflux

35
Q

urticaria

A

an eruption of wheals (hives) often caused by hypersensitivity to food or drugs

36
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

an enlargement of the prostate that generally begins in the fifth decade of life, it may cause urethral compression and obstruction. the floor of the bladder may appear elevated and indented.

37
Q

bladder calculi

A

stones that form in the urinary bladder. not as common as renal calculi but can grow large in the bladder

38
Q

bladder carcinoma

A

a tumor that is three time more common in males than in females. systems include hematuria and frequent urination. CT or MRI

39
Q

congenital anomalies

A

structural or chemical imperfections or alterations present at birth

40
Q

duplication of the ureter and renal pelvis

A

involves two ureters and/or the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney. most common of urinary system

41
Q

ectopic kidney

A

normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but remains in the pelvis. the kidney has a shorter than normal ureter. interferes with the birth process in females

42
Q

horseshoe kidney

A

occurs as a fusion of the kidneys during development of the fetus. usually the lower poles. usually doesn’t affect the function of the kidneys

43
Q

malrotation

A

abnormal rotation of the kidney that is evident when the renal pelvis is turned from a medial to an anterior or posterior direction

44
Q

cystitis

A

inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by a bacterial or fungal infection. most often seen in females due to the shorter urethra

45
Q

glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)

A

inflammation of the capillary loops of the glomeruli of the kidneys

46
Q

nephritis

A

inflammation of the nephron

47
Q

acute glomerulonephritis

A

enlarged kidney

48
Q

chronic glomerulonephritis

A

small kidney size with blunt rounded calyces

49
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

disorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys. most common cause of enlarged kidneys. genetic or congenital. described as a bunch of grapes. types, infantile, childhood, and adult

50
Q

renal calculi

A

calcifications that occur in the luminal aspect of the urinary tract

51
Q

staghorn calculus

A

a large stone that grows and fills the renal pelvis completely blocking the flow of urine

52
Q

renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

A

most frequent type of malignant tumor of the kidney. three times more frequent in males. the tumor itself is typically a large irregular mass with internal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

53
Q

hydronephrosis

A

distention of the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys that results from some obstruction of the ureters or renal pelvis.

54
Q

pyelonephritis

A

an inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by pyogenic (pus-forming) bacteria affecting primarily the interstitial tissue between the tubules.

55
Q

renal hypertension

A

increased blood pressure to the kidney through the renal artery due to artherosclerosis. results from increased excretion of renin, which results in excessive vasoconstriction

56
Q

severe hypertension

A

results in localized necrosis of the renal parenchyma and small kidneys, with delayed excretion and over-concentration of contrast media

57
Q

renal obstruction

A

may be caused by necrotic debris, calculus, thrombus, or trauma

58
Q

acute obstruction

A

during IVU, the nephrogram demonstrates reduced perfusion of contrast media through the kidney. may be hours after injection.

59
Q

chronic or partial obstruction

A

during IVU, the collecting system may be opacified, but the calyces may show signs of enlargement and hydronephrosis

60
Q

vesicorectal (vesicocolonic) fistula

A

a fistula (artificial opening) that forms between the urinary bladder and rectum or aspects of the colon. this condition may be due to trauma, tumor, or congenital defect

Contrast Studies (6 decks)

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