Chapter 15 Key Terms and People Flashcards
eighteenth-century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most Deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but the did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.
Deism(309)
Religious revival characterized by emotional mass “camp meetings” and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as multiplicity of denominations vied for members
Second Great Awakening(310)
Popular name for western New York a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.
Burned-Over District(311)
Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing deep hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.
Mormons(312)
(from the Greek name for the ancient Athenian school where Aristotle taught.) Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-nineteenth century.
Lyceum(316)
Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumptions.
American Temperance Society(318)
Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine’s lead, though most statutes proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.
Maine Law of 1851(318)
Gathering of feminist activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her “Declaration of Sentiments,” stating that “all men and women are created equal.”
Woman’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls(320)
Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana, by Robert Owe. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.
New Harmony(321)
Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.
Brook Farm(322)
ONe of the more radical utopian communities established in the nineteenth century, it advocated “free love,” birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.
Oneida Community(322)
Called “shakers” for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by the 1840, though by the 1940s the movement had largely died out.
Shakers(322)
Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bullfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.
Federal Style(326)
Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural venracular
Greek Revival(326)
American artistic movement that produced romantic rendition of local landscapes.
Hudson River School(327)
Variety shows performed by white actors in blackface. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.
minstrel shows(327)
Early nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasize imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.
romanticism(328)
Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicted pon a belief that each person posses an “inner light” that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.
transcendentalism(329)
Ralph Waldo Emerson’s address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.
“The American Scholar”(330)
Methodist preacher during the Second Great Awakening. He was a traveling Preacher. He inspired a new generation to get religious. He is also known for punching people who tried to stop his meetings
Peter Cartwright
Rival Evangelist preacher. Preached in New York. Encouraged people to display their religion in public
Charles Grandison Finney
Creator of the Book of Mormon, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Dealt with persecution. ultimately murders
Joseph Smith
A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young’s management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons
Brigham Young
He was an idealistic graduate of Brown University, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. He was involved in the reformation of public education (1825-1850). He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. He caused a reformation of the public schools, many of the teachers were untrained for that position. Led to educational advances in text books by Noah Webster and Ohioan William H. McGuffey.
Horace Mann
A New England teacher and author who spoke against the inhumane treatment of insane prisoners, ca. 1830’s. People who suffered from insanity were treated worse than normal criminals. Dorothea Dix traveled over 60,000 miles in 8 years gathering information for her reports, reports that brought about changes in treatment, and also the concept that insanity was a disease of the mind, not a willfully perverse act by an individual
Dorothea Dix
the mayor of Portland, Maine who, in 1851, sponsored The Maine Law of 1851 that helped earn his nickname “Father of Prohibition.”
Neal S. Dow
A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women’s right convention in New York in 1848
Lucretia Mott
Member of the women’s right’s movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women’s Right’s Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a “Declaration of Sentiments” which declared “all men and women are created equal.”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
lecturer for women’s rights. She was a Quaker. Many conventions were held for the rights of women in the 1840s. Susan B. Anthony was a strong woman who believed that men and women were equal. She fought for her rights even though people objected. Her followers were called Suzy B’s.
Susan B. Anthony
(1818-1893) American woman suffragist, she was a well-known and accomplished antislavery speaker who supported the women’s rights movement. She was the first woman to receive a college degree and the first to keep her maiden name.
Lucy Stone
A leader in the temperance and women’s suffrage movements, she was remembered especially for her failed attempt to revolutionize women’s clothing through the use of modified trousers under slightly shorter skirts.
Amelia Bloomer
Robert Owen was a wealthy and idealistic Scottish textile manufacturer. He sought to better the human race and set up a communal society in 1825. There were about a thousand persons at New Harmony, Indiana. The enterprise was not a success.
Robert Owen
He was of French descent, and an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. He had such works as Birds of America and Passenger Pigeons. Ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. He is remembered as America’s greatest ornithologist.
John J. Audubon
white Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard
Stephen C. Foster
a profilic and popular American writer of the early 19th century who wrote numerous sea-stories and historical novelss known as the the “Leatherstocking Tales”
James Fenimore Cooper
trained as unitarian minister, transcendentalist, lectureer and tourer, essays reflected ideals of US, lectured Phi Beta Kappa address at Harvard called “American Scholar”, urgered writers to throw off European tradition, practical philosopher (liked self-gov self-reliance confidence optimism and freedom), most famous for work- Self Reliance, outspoken critic of slavery
Ralph Waldo Emerson
He was a poet, a mystic, a transcendentalist, a nonconformist, and a close friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson who lived from 1817-1862. He condemned government for supporting slavery and was jailed when he refused to pay his Mass. poll tax. He is well known for his novel about the two years of simple living he spent on the edge of Walden Pond called “Walden” , Or Life in the Woods. This novel furthered many idealistic thoughts. He was a great transcendentalist writer who not only wrote many great things, but who also encouraged, by his writings, Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
Henry David Thoreau
poet who lived in Brooklyn from 1819-1892. His most famous collection of poems entitled Leaves of Grass, gained him the title “Poet Laureate of Democracy.”
Walt Whitman
A Harvard professor who was an extremely popular American poet. Writing for the genteel classes, he was adopted by the less cultured masses. Although his knowledge of European literature supplied him with many themes, his most admired poems were based on American traditions. He was also immensely popular in Europe.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Novelist whose tales of family life helped economically support her own struggling transcendentalist family
Louisa May Alcott
“The Belle of Amherst”. THE single greatest American poetess of the 19th century, wrote hundreds of poems including “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” and “Wild Nights! Wild Nights!” She was a deeply sensitive woman who questioned the puritanical background of her Calvinist family and soulfully explored her own spirituality, often in poignant, deeply personal poetry.
Emily Dickinson
A writer and poet who is considered an eccentric genius. He mastered the style of the short story, especially the horror story. He was fascinated by the ghostly and ghastly and his works reflect a morbid sensibility. Perhaps because of this, his literature was more highly prized in Europe than in the generally optimistic, not morbid, America. Major works include “The Raven” and “The Fall of the House of Usher”. He was cursed with hunger, cold, poverty, and debt. He was orphaned as a child and when he married his fourteen year old wife, she died of tuberculosis. He wrote books that deal with the ghostly and ghastly, such as “The Fall of the House of Usher.” (pg. 345)
Edgar Allan Poe
originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. he was a descendant of puritan settlers. the scarlet letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of new england puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet “a”.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
an author born in New York in 1819. He was uneducated and an orphan. Melville served eighteen months as a whaler. These adventuresome years served as a major part in his writing. Melville wrote Moby Dick in 1851 which was much less popular than his tales of the South seas.
Herman Melville
historian with defective eyes that forced him to write in darkness with the aid of a guiding machine; chronicled the struggle between france and england in colonial times for mastery of north america
Francis Parkman
Thomas Pain’s anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire “power and profit” and to “enslave making.”
The Age of Reason(309)
