Chapter 13 Key Terms and People

Question 1

policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it was also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Answer 1

spoils system(253)

Question 2

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports.Southerners vehemently opposed the tariff, arguing that it hurt southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs but were forced to pay higher prices for manufacturers.

Answer 2

Tariff of Abominations(256)

Question 3

showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

Answer 3

Nullification Crisis(257)

Question 4

Passed as a measure to resolve the Nullification Crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually over a period of ten years to 1816 levels.

Answer 4

compromise tariff of 1833(258)

Question 5

Passed by Congress alongside the compromise Tariff of 1833, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Answer 5

Force Bill(258)

Question 6

Ordered the removal of Indian tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal or military battles.

Answer 6

Indian Removal Act(259)

Question 7

Forced march of fifteen thousand Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some four thousand Cherokees died on the arduous journey.

Answer 7

Trail of tear(260)

Question 8

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act

Answer 8

Black Hawk War(260)

Question 9

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank’s renewal. Jackson vetoed the bank bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Answer 9

Bank War(260)

Question 10

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Answer 10

Anti-Masonic Party(262)

Question 11

popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833

Answer 11

pet banks(264)

Question 12

US treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchase with “hard” or metallic currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Answer 12

Specie Circular(264)

Question 13

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson’s efforts to curb over speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the “Divorce Bill” which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

Answer 13

Panic of 1837(266)

Question 14

Fortress in Texas where two hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. “Remember the Alamo” became a battle cry in the support of Texan independence.

Answer 14

Alamo(268)

Question 15

Texas outposts where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter of the Alamo, fueled American support for Texan independence.

Answer 15

Goliad(268)

Question 16

Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas’s southwestern border.

Answer 16

Battle of San Jacinto(269)

Question 17

son of second president John Adams, he served as Secretary of State under Monroe before become the 6th president. A strong advocate of national finance and improvements, he faced opposition from states’ rights advocates in the South and West. His controversial election-allegedly “corrupt bargain of 1824”- and lack of acumen further hampered his presidential agenda.

Answer 17

John Quincy Adams

Question 18

war hero, congressman, and 7th presidnet, as a democrat he ushered a new era of American politics, advocating for white man suffrage and cementing party loyalties through the spoils system. As president he dismantled the Bank of the United States, asserted federal supremacy in the nullification crisis, and oversaw the harsh policy of indian removal in the south.

Answer 18

Andrew Jackson

Question 19

imported from Carribean; payed to be a free slave in south carolina; a mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize charleston, south carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started. largest slave uprising

Answer 19

Denmark Vesey

Question 20

Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states’ rights, limited government, and nullification. Supported of Nullification in South Carolina and Author of The Exposition. Had to keep authorship a secret because he was vice president

Answer 20

John C. Calhoun

Question 21

The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830’s. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn’t powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma

Answer 21

Black Hawk

Question 22

Ran the bank from 1832 on, he had done much to put the institution on a sound and prosperous basis. Nevertheless, many Americans, among them Andrew Jackson, were determined to destroy it.

Answer 22

Nicholas Biddle

Question 23

Leading American statesman during the Antebellum Period; leader of the Whig Party, opposed Jackson and the Democratic Party; spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry;member of the Great Triumvirate with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Challenged Robert Hayne to a debate on the issues of states rights vs. national power.

Answer 23

Daniel Webster

Question 24

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as “The Great Compromiser.” (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however

Answer 24

Henry Clay

Question 25

Served as secretary of state during Andrew Jackson’s first term, vice president during Jackson’s second term, and won the presidency in 1836; 8th President of the U.S.

Answer 25

Martin Van Buren

Question 26

Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish

Answer 26

Stephen Austin

Question 27

United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)

Answer 27

Sam Houstin

Question 28

Mexican general/dictator who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Answer 28

Santa Anna

Question 29

9th President of the U.S.; was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Answer 29

William Henry Harrison

Question 30

alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Answer 30

corrupt bargain(248)