Chapter 15 Influences beyond the family

Question 1

Development of peer interactions

Answer 1

peer interactions begin in infancy

• look, smile and point at one another
• laugh and babble

Question 2

in the preschool years

Answer 2

peer interaction becomes more complex

-friendships based on: like each other and —-enjoy playing together

Question 3

Play categories (M. Porten)
How much social involvement is present determines the play category

Answer 3

1) solitary play: child plays independently of others
2) onlooker play: child watches other children play
3) parallel play: play with similar toys in similar ways, but don’t interact
4) associative play: involves social interaction but with little or no organization
5) cooperative play: involves social interaction in a group with a sense of group
identity and organized activity

Question 4

Other types of play

Answer 4

1) rough and tumble play: mimics aggression, but there is no intent to harm
2) sociodramatic play: pretend play in which children act out various roles and
themes in stories they create

Question 5

Peers & Friends in School Years

Answer 5

-interaction with peers, numbers of peers, diversity of peers
(Mainly unstructured, little to no parental super vision)
Who are their friends?
-Homosociality: where children play/are friends with those of the same sex

Friendships are based on common interests, mutual liking + trust, ready to offer support, will keep promises

Question 6

What do children learn from friends/peers?

Answer 6

• Social skills
• thank someone, resist peer pressure, respond to teasing, etc.
• (adults) accept disciplinary rules, consequences
• learn how to be a leader and a follower
• Leadership, being a follower
• Develop a sense of loyalty
• Learn about trust, keeping one’s word
• Kindness, empathy, supporting others