Chapter 12 Moral Understanding and Behavior

Question 1

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development has how many levels

Answer 1

3

Question 2

Level 1: Pre-conventional moral reasoning: a self-centered level

Answer 2

• Stage 1: Obey to avoid punishment

- Stage 2: Obeys for self-interest

Question 3

Level 2: Conventional moral reasoning: a community centered level

Answer 3

• Stage 3: Should act according others’ expectations

- Stage 4: Proper behavior means being dutiful citizen

Question 4

Level 3: Post-Conventional moral reasoning: centered on ideals

Answer 4

• Stage 5: Rules of society are beneficial to all and established by mutual convent; if rules become destructive, the rules can be changed
• Stage 6: Personal morality based on abstract principles

Question 5

Antisocial Behavior

Answer 5

feeling and acting in ways that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person

Question 6

Aggression

Answer 6

a form of antisocial behavior in which harm is intended toward someone else

Question 7

4 types of Aggression

Answer 7

• Hostile aggression: unprovoked aggression with the goal of intimidation or harassment
• Instrumental aggression: used to achieve specific goal
• Reactive aggression: one child’s behavior leads to another’s aggression
• Relational aggression: try to hurt others by undermining social relationships

Question 8

Variations In Social Acceptance

Answer 8

• Popular kids are kind, trustworthy, and cooperative, and well-liked by peers. Enthusiaitic, friendly, accept others, excellent communication and social skills
• Aggressive-rejected Kids are disliked due to antagonistic, confrontational behavior
• Withdrawn-rejected kids are disliked due to timid, anxious behavior
• Rejected kids often lack social cognition, the ability to understand social behavior

Question 9

Aggressive-rejected

Answer 9

Kids are disliked due to antagonistic, confrontational behavior

Question 10

Withdrawn-rejected

Answer 10

kids are disliked due to timid, anxious behavior

Question 11

Rejected Kids

Answer 11

often lack social cognition, the ability to understand social behavior

Question 12

Aggressive-Rejected

Answer 12

children are likely to view an accidental event as purposeful. THey are often “Combat ready”

Question 13

Withdrawn-rejected children

Answer 13

it may have been done on purpose or accidental but they will ignore the situation or leave

Question 14

Bullying

Answer 14

Repeated efforts by a child or group of children to inflict harm on another child through physical, verbal, or social attacks

Question 15

Male Bullies

Answer 15

-tend to be above average in size, and use physical aggression
Home Life
-Authoritarian parenting, one way communication, disciplined constantly
Later Crimes

Question 16

Female Bullies

Answer 16

tend to use relational aggression: spreading rumors or embarrassing secrets, ridiculing victims through mockery of clothes or behavior

Question 17

Dan Olweus

Answer 17

the father of bullying research

- community, school, classroom, individual

Question 18

Bullying in norway

Answer 18

in schools in Norway:
-100% committed to his bullying program
-able to commit to what his program expects -from his schools
-teacher education
-supervision
- when bullying continues
bully and parent

Question 19

Self-Control

Answer 19

• the ability to control one’s behavior and to inhibit impulsive responding to
  temptations
• 1 year: aware that parents set limits on what they can do
• 2 years onwards: have internalized some control and can resist some temptation;
  still learning

Question 20

Prosocial behavior:

Answer 20

• by 18 months, simple acts of prosocial behavior can be seen
• from preschool years onwards, children gradually undertand others’ needs and
  learn appropriate behavior