Chapter 15: Gustation Flashcards
Gustation
Assesses quality of material entering system
- Basic tastes
Basic tastes
5 well-established taste categories- sweet, salty, umami, sour, and bitter
Nutritive tastes
Sweet, salty, and umami
Non-nutritive tastes
Sour and bitter
Flavor perception
More complex and multidimensional than taste perception
Tastants
Molecules that taste receptors “recognize” and respond to by producing neural signals that brain represents as perception of different tastes
Flavor
total sensory experience evoked by ingesting something
- includes perception of basic tastes, perception of basic tastes, perception of other attributes of tastants, such as pleasantness and intensity, and other sensory properties, most importantly smell
Affected by many things other than taste
*olfaction, hunger/thirst, vision, audition, and mouth feeling
Taste and Flavor
- Sweet- sucrose, fructose, glucose
- Salty- NaCl, KCl, LiCl
- Umami- monosodium glutamate, L-arginine, L-glutamine
- signals presence of protein in food - Bitter- quinine, caffeine, PROP
- Sour- citric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid
Trigeminal Sense
Sense that signals presence of irritants in mouth, such as menthol and chili pepper
- contributes to “mouth feel” of foods
Taste buds
Structures that contain taste receptor cells, within papillae in mouth
Perceiving Tastes and Flavors
Taste buds and taste receptor cells (TRCs)
Anatomical and neural basis of taste and flavor perception
On tongue, taste buds are found in three of the four types of papillae
- fungiform, folliate and circumvallate
- filiform do not contain taste buds
Fungiform papillae
Tiny mushroom- shaped structure located along edges and top of front two-thirds of tongue
- 3-5 taste buds on upper surface
Folliate papillae
Ridgelike folds of tissue located on sides of tongue neat the back
- few hundred taste buds are tucked into each fold
Circumvallate papillae
Larger mushroom- shaped structures situated in row at back of tongue
- contains 200- 700 taste buds around its side
Filiform
Manipulate food on tongue
1/3 of taste buds are found on […]
1/3 of taste buds are found on soft palate, epiglottis, and upper esophagus
Free nerve endings
Trigeminal nerve- how something feels in mouth (non-taste) factors
We have […] taste buds each of which have […] taste receptor cells
We have 3000-12000 taste buds each of which have 40000-100000 taste receptor cells