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Sensation and Perception > Chapter 11: The Auditory Brian And Perceiving Auditory Scenes > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Auditory Brian And Perceiving Auditory Scenes Flashcards

1
Q

Ascending Auditory Pathways From Cochlea to Cortex

A

Cochlea to cochlear nucleus: ipsilateral

Main pathway is contralateral

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2
Q

Superior olivary complex

A

Structure in brain stem

  • stop on ascending auditory pathway receiving signals from both cochlear nuclei
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3
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A

Structure in brain stem that receives signals via Type I auditory nerve fiber from inner hair cells in ipsilateral ear

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4
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

Structure in midbrain

- stop in ascending auditory pathway

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5
Q

Medial geniculate body

A

Structure in thalamus

- next stop on ascending pathway after inferior colliculus

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6
Q

Descending Pathways

A
  • protective; doesn’t want to amplify loud sounds
  • carry signals between auditory cortex
  • modulate motile response
  • protect eat from damage through acoustic reflex activation
  • black task-irrelevant ascending auditory signals and pass task-relevant ones
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7
Q

Acoustic Reflex

A

Contraction of tiny molecule attached to ossicles that limit their movements in presence of loud sounds and hence prevents overstimulation of cochlea

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8
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Part of cerebral cortex, tucked into lateral sulcus on top of temporal lobe

  • consists of auditory core region, belt, and parabelt
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9
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)

A

Part of auditory core region

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10
Q

Tonotopic map

A

Arrangement of neurons within auditory brain regions such that characteristic frequencies of neurons gradually shift from lower at one end of region to higher at other end

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11
Q

Auditory Core Region

A

Part of auditory cortex, located within transverse temporal gyrus in each hemisphere

  • consists of primary auditory cortex, rostrum core, and rostrotemporal core
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12
Q

Belt

A

Along with parabelt, region of cortex wrapped around and receiving signals from auditory core region

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13
Q

Parabelt

A

Along with belts, region of cortex wrapped around and receiving signals from auditory core region

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14
Q

Narrowly tuned neuron

A

Discrimination and recognition process occurs in belt and parabelt

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15
Q

Broadly tuned neuron

A

Increased amplitude = broader band

Involved in integrating component frequencies of complex sounds
- part of process of discriminating and recognizing sound sources

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16
Q

Regions of Interests (ROI)

A

Anterior ROI- responds to “what” task

Posterior ROI- responds to “where” task

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17
Q

Identifying sound source is important because it helps guide actions

A
  • cochlea is organized nonotopically, with position in the cochlea representing frequency, not spatial location
  • To represent the location of sound sources, the auditory system has evolved into an exquisitely sensitive method based on comparing aspects of the sound arriving at the two ears
  • Polar coordinate system based on two mutually perpendicular places centered on the head is used to specify the locations of sound sources in 3-D space
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18
Q

Azimuth

A

In sound localization, location of a sound source in side-to-side dimension in horizontal plane— angle left/right of median plane

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19
Q

Perceiving azimuth in localization

A

Interaural level difference (ILD) works best for frequencies greater than 1000 Hz because the head attenuates the sound arriving at the far ear

  • nonexistent when in front of behind you
  • elevation and distance
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20
Q

Elevation

A

Location of sound source in up-down dimension in median plane (angle above or below horizontal plane)

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21
Q

Distance

A

How far sound source is from center of head in any direction

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22
Q

Minimum Audible Angle

A

Minimum angular separation between reference sound source and difference sound source emitting tone of same frequency that yields 75% correct judgements about relative horizontal positions of two sources

23
Q

Interaural level difference (ILD)

A

Refers to difference in the sound level of the same sound at the two ears

24
Q

Sources to the left or right of the median plane emit sounds that are more intense in the […]

A

Closer ear

  • Acoustic shadow
25
Q

Acoustic shadow

A

Area on other side of head form sound source in which loudness of sound is reduced because the soundwaves are partially blocked by head

  • has greater effect on high-frequency sounds on low-frequency sounds
26
Q

Interaural Time Difference

A

Difference in arrival time of same sound at two ears

*measures how quickly sound met each ear

27
Q

Cone of Confusion

A

Hypothetical cone-shaped surface in auditory space

  • when equally distant sound sources are located on a cone of confusion, their locations are confusable because they have highly similar ILD and ITD
28
Q

Perceiving elevation

A

Human pinnate provide information used to judge elevation

  • pinna-induced spectrum modification provides information about the elevation of a sound source (spectral shape cue)
  • pinna funnels sounds into ear
  • changes shape of sound waves
29
Q

Spectral shape cue

A

A pinna-induced modification in a sound’s frequency spectrum

  • provides information about the elevation of the sound source
30
Q

Perceiving Distance

A
  1. Perceived loudness can be used to judge if the sound is relatively near or far if the listener knows the source sound level
  2. Humans use the effect of the inverse square law to judge familiar sound distances
  3. Blurring cue can be used to judge the distance of sound sources
  4. Echoes can provide cues in situations in which there are hard surfaces
  5. The loudness cue is also a result of the inverse square law as loudness increases as sound source approaches
31
Q

Bats localizing sounds

A

Emit high-frequency sound sequence in range of 20000-100000 Hz

-they continuously track using prey-capture maneuver

32
Q

Humans localizing sounds

A

Use echolocation to judge distance from objects

33
Q

Echolocation

A

Sound localization based on emitting sounds and then processing echoes to determine nature and location of object that produced echoes

34
Q

Doppler effect

A

Frequency of sound emitted by moving sound source is higher in front of sound source than behind it

  • Frequency rapidly decreases as sound source passes listener
35
Q

Looking while listening: vision and sound localization

A
  • when visual and auditory information conflicts, the visual information takes precedence
  • this is known as the ventriloquism effect, a form of visual capture
36
Q

Ventriloquism Effect

A

Tendency to localize sound on basis of visual cues when visual and auditory cues provide conflicting info

37
Q

Conditions needed for this to happen: localizing sounds

A
  • Visual information should occur just before the auditory information
  • Events needed to make sense when linked
  • Two types of information must be physically close in the environment
38
Q

Precedence Effect

A

Localization of sound as originating from source in direction from which sound first arrives

  • minimizes effect of echoes on sound localization
39
Q

Neural basis of sound localization

A
  • Proposed neurons in coincidence detectors receive signals from left and right cochlear nuclei
    - fire only if signals arrive at same time

*Localization: Medical superior olive (MSO)

40
Q

Medial superior olive (MSO)

A

Part of superior olivary complex in brain stem

  • thought it contain neurons functioning as specific ITD detection mechanism
    - represents azimuth of sound sources
    - fire only if signals from two cochlear nuclei arrive at same time
    - similar to bipolar cells in eyes
41
Q

Auditory Regularities

A
  • unrelated auditory streams rarely start or stop at exactly the same time
  • the features of a single auditory stream (frequency, amplitude, and timbre) tend to change slowly and gradually over time. An abrupt change often signals a new auditory stream
  • all the frequency components of a single auditory stream tend to change in the same way at the same time (ex. By growing louder as the sound source approaches the listener)
42
Q

Visual Regularities

A
  • unrelated visual objects rarely have exactly coinciding boundaries
  • the surface features of a single object (e.g color and texture) tend to change slowly and gradually across adjacent locations. an abrupt change often coincides with the boundary between two objects
  • all the parts of a single object tend to change in the same way at the same time (eg. by moving together, if the object is rigid)
43
Q

Auditory Scene

A

All sound entering ears during current interval of time

44
Q

Auditory Scene Analysis

A

Process of extracting and grouping together frequencies emitted by specific sound sources from among complex mixture of frequencies emitted by multiple sound sources within auditory scene

45
Q

Principles of sequently grouping of auditory information

A

The auditory system groups sound like the visual system groups patterns (Gestalt grouping principles)

46
Q

Auditory grouping principles

A
  • changing at the same time
  • having similar frequency
  • being temporally similar
47
Q

Auditory Stream

A

Assortment of frequencies occurring over time that were able emitted by same sound source or related sound sources

48
Q

Auditory Stream Segregation

A

Process of perceptual organization of auditory scene into set of distinct auditory streams

49
Q

Harmonic Coherence

A

Harmonic frequencies of same fundamental frequency tend to be grouped together

50
Q

Grouping by synchrony or asynchrony

A
  • grouping based on synchrony or asynchrony is based on the principle of common motion
  • auditory system uses these regularities as very powerful grouping principles
51
Q

Sequential Grouping

A
  • Grouping by frequency similarity
    - Auditory system uses the frequency similarity of sequential tones to group those tones into a single auditory stream or into multiple separate auditory streams
52
Q

Grouping by Temporal Proximity

A

Perceptual completion of occluded sounds
- auditory system can complete occluded sounds that are partially obscured

  • Perceptual interpolation
53
Q

Perceptual interpolation

A
  • Auditory systems have evolved to automatically make “best guesses” about what’s really going on behind occluding sounds
  • Making those guesses usually enable listeners to respond to environmental conditions more quickly and accurately than we other would
  • can put conversation together
54
Q

Sensory Substitution Device (SSD)

A

Any artificial aid in process of acquiring info via one sense that is usually acquired via another sense

Sensation and Perception (14 decks)

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