Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sensation and Perception > Chapter 13: The Body Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 13: The Body Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Extend the traditional five senses by other senses

A

Skin deformation (tactile perception)
Muscle stretch and joint angle (proprioception)
Pain (nociception)
Temperature (thermoreception)
Object shape (haptics)
Balance and body acceleration (vestibular senses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tactile Perception

A

Perception that results from mechanical deformation- indentation, vibration, or stretching- of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sense of Touch

A

Is difficult to define because it give information about so many different aspects of tactile stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Skin

A

Protects tissues against issues against injuries and helps regulation of body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

2 main types of skin

A

Hairy skin and glabrous (hairless)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 main layers of skin

A

Epidermis and the dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mechanoreceptor

A

Sensory receptors that transducer mechanical deformations of the skin into neural signals that are sent to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specialized endings of main mechanoreceptor types of mechanoreceptor

A
  • Merkel cells (SAI) and Meissner corpuscles (FAI)
  • Endings of SAII mechanoreceptors (Ruffini) and the FAII endings (Pacinian corpuscles)
  • Hairy skin mechanoreceptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 main types of mechanoreceptors

A

Slow-adapting type I (SAI)
Fast-adapting type I (FAI)
Slow-adapting type II (SAII)
Fast-adapting type II (FAII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: Specialized ending

A

Merkel cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: Position in skin layers

A

Upper dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: density of distribution

A

Relatively dense, especially in fingertips

*small receptive fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: spatial resolution

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: Sensitivity to temporal variation

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: Skin deformation that elicits strongest response

A

Indentation by edges, curves, and textured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: Functions supported

A

Perceiving pattern, texture, and shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Slow Adapting SAI: Timing of response

A

Line graph shows one long response over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: Specialized ending

A

Unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: Positions in skin layers

A

Dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: Density of distribution

A

Relatively sparse

* relatively large receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: Spatial resolution

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: sensitivity to temporal variation

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: skin deformation that elicits strongest response

A

Stretch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: Functions supported

A

Perceiving skin stretch and hand conformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Slow Adapting SAII: Timing of response

A

Line graph shows one long response over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Specialized ending

A

Meissner corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Position in skin layers

A

Upper dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Density distribution

A

Relatively dense, especially in fingertips

*small receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Spatial resolution

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Sensitivity to temporal variation

A

Medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Skin deformation that elicits the strongest response

A

Motion and low-frequency vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Functions supported

A

Perceiving slip

Maintaining group control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fast Adapting FAI: Timing of response

A

Line graph shows two short spikes at beginning and end of stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Specialized ending

A

Pacinian corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Position in skin layers

A

Lower dermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Density of distribution

A

Relatively sparse

*large receptive field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Spatial resolution

A

Low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Sensitivity to temporal variation

A

High

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Skin deformation that elicits strongest response

A

High- frequency vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Functions supported

A

Perceiving fine textures through transmitted vibration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Fast Adapting FAII: Timing of response

A

Fast acting line graph shows two short responses at beginning and end stimulus

42
Q

Two- Point Threshold

A

Minimum distance at which person’s judgements are 75% correct when touched with 2 probes

43
Q

Confusion Matrix

A

Shows how often people confused each stimulus letter with every other letter

44
Q

FAI Fibers and Grip Control

A

Only respond to changes in stimulation

*FAII mechanoreceptors respond to tiny vibrations in the tool and send signals that you use to perceive maintain the stability of grasp

45
Q

Perceiving pleasant touch

A

New research suggests that there are specific receptors for pleasant touch

     - C-tactile mechanoreceptors (CT mechanoreceptors) are a type of free nerve endings only present in hairy skin
     - the respond to slow, gentle touch, sending signals to the insular cortex, and area of the brain involved in pleasure perception

These receptors initially may have developed to support grooming behavior
* Unmyelinated (carry signals relatively slowly to brain)

46
Q

What makes pleasant touch pleasant?

A

Neutral temperatures and intermediate speeds

47
Q

Brain pathway for tactile information

A

There is inconclusive evidence that the mechanism by which mechanoreceptors transducer mechanical force is analogous to the mechanism by which hair cells in the cochlea transducer movement of their stereocilia into neural signals sent through auditory nerve fibers

48
Q

Proprioception

A

Perception of position and movement of body parts, based on info in neural signals from specialized sensors within those body parts

49
Q

Three sensory organs provide information related to how the body and its parts are positioned

A

Proprioception information

  • Muscle spindles
  • Golgi tendon organs
  • Joint receptors
50
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory organs that provide info about muscle length, as well as info about isometric forces on muscles, for proprioception

*provide most info for proprioception

51
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Sensory organs that provide info about muscle, for proprioception

*signals in response to changes in muscle force (length and joint angle change)

52
Q

Joint receptors

A

Sensory organs that provide info about joint angle, probably to signal when and joint has reached the limit of its normal motion

53
Q

Signals from Muscle Spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Produce signals in response to changes in muscle length and force

54
Q

Nociception vs Pain

A

Nociception- perception of nociceptive pain

Pain- unpleasant sensory and emotional experience cause by potential or actual tissue damage
- can arise from wide range of different causes and can evoke an equally wide range of perceptual experiences

55
Q

Three general categories of pain

A

Nociceptive
Inflammatory
Neuropathic

56
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A

Pain that arises from potential or actual tissue damage due to physical trauma

57
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

Pain that arises after tissue damage has occurred, when chemical substances released by damage tissue either activate pain receptors or reduce their threshold

58
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Pain caused by damage to PNS and CNS

59
Q

Two dimensions of pain

A

Affective: anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala, and anterior insular cortex

Discriminative: S2 and the posterior insular cortex

60
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensory receptors that transducer the physical stimuli and transmit neural signals associated with nociceptive and inflammatory pain
- included among free nerve endings in epidermis and dermis

61
Q

Nociceptors transmit pain signals to the spinal cord via two difference types of fibers

A

A- delta fibers

C fibers

62
Q

A-delta fibers

A

Myelinated axons of nociceptors that transmit pain signals relatively rapidly, to produce rapid response to potentially damaging mechanical stimuli and to excessive heat

  • immediate, sharp pain
63
Q

C fibers

A

Unmyelinated axons of nociceptors that transmit pain signals relatively slowly
- prolonged, dull, throbbing pain

64
Q

Sensitization

A

Mechanism that decreases response threshold of nociceptors so that even very low-level stimulation of an injury site can cause pain

65
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors for the detection of temperatures in range of 17-43 degrees Celsius

  • included among free nerve endings in epidermis and dermis

Warm fibers:

   - 29-43
   - Heat receptors tend to detect temperatures over 25C (77F)

Cold fibers:

    - 17-40
    - they respond to cool temperatures between 10C (50F) and 20C (68F)
66
Q

Thermoreception

A

The ability to sense the temperature of objects and surfaces in contact with the skin

67
Q

Between Body and Brain

A
  1. Part of spinal nerve where nerve fibers for body senses enter
  2. Axons of mechanoreceptors and other types of sensory receptors within a small area of the skin converge into a peripheral nerve bundle
  3. Axons of sensory neurons involved in proprioception within a muscle or joint converge into a nerve bundle
  4. Then all the nerve bundles from each region of skin and each region of muscle tissue enter the spinal cord via one of the spinal nerves
  5. Cell bodies of all these bipolar neurons are clustered together into a single dorsal root ganglion
68
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglions

A
  • Each is adjacent to single vertebra
  • Each vertebra has one ganglion on left and one on right side
  • Dorsal root enters the dorsal part of the spinal cord
69
Q

Within the spinal cord and then from the spinal cord into the brain, sensory signals follow two different pathways:

A

Dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway

Spinothalamic pathway

70
Q

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway

A

Pathway for signals involved in tactile perception and proprioception

  • travels up spinal cord on the ipsilateral side, crosses to contralateral side in the medulla, and then goes through ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus and on somatosensory cortex
71
Q

Spinothalamic pathway

A

Pathway for signals involved in nociception and thermoreception

  • crosses over the contralateral side within spinal cord and then goes through ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus and on to the cortex
72
Q

Ventral posterior nucleus

A

Nucleus of thalamus

  • part of both DCML pathway and spinothalamic pathway
73
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Region of cerebral cortex in anterior parietal lobe

- receives signals carrying sensory info via ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

74
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1)

A
  • first area to receive somatosensory signals from ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus
  • divided into areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2

*responds selectively to specific orientations of tactile stimuli

75
Q

Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (S2)

A

Receives signals from area S1

76
Q

Somatotopic Map

A

Mapping of body surface onto somatosensory cortex, whereby adjacent locations on the cortex receive somatosensory signals from adjacent locations on the body

77
Q

The ventral pathway

A

A “what” pathway, carrying information used in perceiving object shape and identity

  • S1: 3b and 1+ 3a+ 2 —> S2 —> prefrontal cortex and hippocampus
78
Q

The dorsal pathway

A

A “where/how” pathway, carrying information used in planning action

S1—> posterior parietal cortex (anterior and lateral intraparietal areas)

79
Q

Cortical Representation of Temperature

A
  1. Thermoreceptive signals carry information about the temperature from the skin into the spinal cord and then along the spinothalamic pathway to the VP nucleus of the thalamus
  2. From the thalamus, these signals travel to S1 and to other regions of the cortex
  3. Contralateral insular cortex is a site where non painful temperature sensations are represeanted in a somatotopic map and used for maintains constant body temperature
  4. Ipsilateral insular cortex is a site where the relative intensities of temperature sensations are evaluated
80
Q

Affective dimensions of Pain Perception

A

Actually experiencing pain, as opposed to viewing someone else experiencing pain, results in the activation of different brain areas

81
Q

How top-down processes change pain perception

A

Recent investigations of the cognitive and emotional dimensions of the pain experience reveal a number of top-down factors that affect the intensity and duration of pain

82
Q

Endogenous Opioids

A

Compounds that belong to class of substances called opiates

  • released by body in response to painful/ stressful stimuli
83
Q

Endorphins

A

Endogenous opioids that have an inhibitory effect on pain-related neural signals in many areas of CNS, reducing perceived intensity of pain

84
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Pain reduction due to fake treatment, with no actual therapeutic value

  • occurs because a person believe treatment is real and expects to benefit from it
85
Q

Cortical Plasticity

A
  • If brain ceases to get input, the area that is not being used can be taken over by an adjacent area
  • Research finding suggest that parts of the brain that are involved in making fine perceptual discriminations rewire themselves as needed
86
Q

Phantom Limb

A

Perception of missing limb, as if it were still there, even though parts of somatosensory cortex that previously received signals from the limb no longer does so

87
Q

Learning affects cortical organization

A

Cortical space devoted to certain learning gets larger

88
Q

Haptic Perception

A

Actively using touch to perceive and identify objects by their 3D shape and other material properties

  • involved integration of info from tactile perception, proprioception, and thermoreception
89
Q

Haptic Procedures

A

Involves active manual exploration of objects in the world

  • Information about motion
  • Information about shape
  • Tactile agnosia
90
Q

Haptic Procedures: information about motion

A

Involves rubbing the skin along the object’s surface

- the exploratory procedure (EP) pressure is used to get information about hardness

91
Q

Haptic Procedures: Information about shape

A

Is typically obtained via two different EPS, running the fingers over an edge and grasping the whole object in the hand

92
Q

Haptic Procedures: Tactile agnosia

A

Is inability to recognize objects by touch, which can result from damage to the parietal cortex, specifically to area S2

93
Q

Exploratory Procedures

A
  • depending on the size and shape of an object, its location, it’s no ability, and other such factors, it may not be possible to touch its entire surface all at once
  • in these cases and in cases in which objects are entirely touchable, people typically move their hands and fingers over the object

*hand and finger movement typically used by people to identify objects haptically

94
Q

Rubber Hand Illusion

A

Phenomenon in which people perceive stimulation if own hand as originating from a fake hand and even perceive the fake hand as their own

95
Q

The Vestibular System

A

Sense organs used to produce neural signal carrying info about balance and acceleration

  • includes semicircular canals and otoliths organs
96
Q

The vestibular system has two main divisions

A

Semicircular canals

Otoliths organs

97
Q

Semicircular canals

A
  • part of vestibular system
  • three mutually perpendicular hollow
  • responsible for signaling head rotation
98
Q

Otoliths organs

A

Responsible for signaling when head is undergoing linear acceleration or being held in tilted positions

  • utricle- horizontal movement
  • saccule- vertical movements
99
Q

Vestibule-ocular reflex

A

An unconscious compensating movement of the eyes during head movements in order to maintain a stable gaze

100
Q

Vertigo

A

A false sensation in which an individual or the individual’s surroundings seem to move or spin

  • most commonly cause by loose otoconia in a semicircular canal
101
Q

Haptic feedback is critical for surgical procedures where the surgeon must apply precisely calibrated forces

A
  • in traditional surgery, the surgeon manipulates the surgical instruments directly, and naturally receives haptic feedback from the instruments
  • in robot- assisted minimally invasive (RMIS), the surgeon never touches the surgical instruments, so there is a complete absence of haptic feedback
102
Q

RMIS systems are being developed that provide haptic feedback via specialized sensors mounted on surgical instruments

A

Haptic feedback is critical for surgical procedure where the surgeon must apply precisely calibrated forces

Sensation and Perception (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions