Chapter 13: The Body Senses Flashcards

Question

Slow Adapting SAII: Timing of response

Answer 1

Line graph shows one long response over time

Answer 2

Meissner corpuscle

Answer 3

Upper dermis

Answer 4

Relatively dense, especially in fingertips *small receptive field

Answer 5

Motion and low-frequency vibration

Answer 6

Perceiving slip | Maintaining group control

Answer 7

Line graph shows two short spikes at beginning and end of stimulus

Answer 8

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 9

Lower dermis

Answer 10

Relatively sparse | *large receptive field

Answer 11

High- frequency vibration

Answer 12

Perceiving fine textures through transmitted vibration

Answer 13

Fast acting line graph shows two short responses at beginning and end stimulus

Answer 14

Minimum distance at which person’s judgements are 75% correct when touched with 2 probes

Answer 15

Shows how often people confused each stimulus letter with every other letter

Answer 16

Only respond to changes in stimulation *FAII mechanoreceptors respond to tiny vibrations in the tool and send signals that you use to perceive maintain the stability of grasp

Answer 17

New research suggests that there are specific receptors for pleasant touch - C-tactile mechanoreceptors (CT mechanoreceptors) are a type of free nerve endings only present in hairy skin - the respond to slow, gentle touch, sending signals to the insular cortex, and area of the brain involved in pleasure perception These receptors initially may have developed to support grooming behavior * Unmyelinated (carry signals relatively slowly to brain)

Answer 18

Neutral temperatures and intermediate speeds

Answer 19

There is inconclusive evidence that the mechanism by which mechanoreceptors transducer mechanical force is analogous to the mechanism by which hair cells in the cochlea transducer movement of their stereocilia into neural signals sent through auditory nerve fibers

Answer 20

Perception of position and movement of body parts, based on info in neural signals from specialized sensors within those body parts

Answer 21

Proprioception information - Muscle spindles - Golgi tendon organs - Joint receptors

Answer 22

Sensory organs that provide info about muscle length, as well as info about isometric forces on muscles, for proprioception *provide most info for proprioception

Answer 23

Sensory organs that provide info about muscle, for proprioception *signals in response to changes in muscle force (length and joint angle change)

Answer 24

Sensory organs that provide info about joint angle, probably to signal when and joint has reached the limit of its normal motion

Answer 25

Produce signals in response to changes in muscle length and force

Answer 26

Nociception- perception of nociceptive pain Pain- unpleasant sensory and emotional experience cause by potential or actual tissue damage - can arise from wide range of different causes and can evoke an equally wide range of perceptual experiences

Answer 27

Nociceptive Inflammatory Neuropathic

Answer 28

Pain that arises from potential or actual tissue damage due to physical trauma

Answer 29

Pain that arises after tissue damage has occurred, when chemical substances released by damage tissue either activate pain receptors or reduce their threshold

Answer 30

Pain caused by damage to PNS and CNS

Answer 31

Affective: anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala, and anterior insular cortex Discriminative: S2 and the posterior insular cortex

Answer 32

Sensory receptors that transducer the physical stimuli and transmit neural signals associated with nociceptive and inflammatory pain - included among free nerve endings in epidermis and dermis

Answer 33

A- delta fibers | C fibers

Answer 34

Myelinated axons of nociceptors that transmit pain signals relatively rapidly, to produce rapid response to potentially damaging mechanical stimuli and to excessive heat - immediate, sharp pain

Answer 35

Unmyelinated axons of nociceptors that transmit pain signals relatively slowly - prolonged, dull, throbbing pain

Answer 36

Mechanism that decreases response threshold of nociceptors so that even very low-level stimulation of an injury site can cause pain

Answer 37

Sensory receptors for the detection of temperatures in range of 17-43 degrees Celsius - included among free nerve endings in epidermis and dermis Warm fibers: - 29-43 - Heat receptors tend to detect temperatures over 25C (77F) Cold fibers: - 17-40 - they respond to cool temperatures between 10C (50F) and 20C (68F)

Answer 38

The ability to sense the temperature of objects and surfaces in contact with the skin

Answer 39

1. Part of spinal nerve where nerve fibers for body senses enter 2. Axons of mechanoreceptors and other types of sensory receptors within a small area of the skin converge into a peripheral nerve bundle 3. Axons of sensory neurons involved in proprioception within a muscle or joint converge into a nerve bundle 4. Then all the nerve bundles from each region of skin and each region of muscle tissue enter the spinal cord via one of the spinal nerves 5. Cell bodies of all these bipolar neurons are clustered together into a single dorsal root ganglion

Answer 40

- Each is adjacent to single vertebra - Each vertebra has one ganglion on left and one on right side - Dorsal root enters the dorsal part of the spinal cord

Answer 41

Dorsal column- medial lemniscal pathway Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 42

Pathway for signals involved in tactile perception and proprioception - travels up spinal cord on the ipsilateral side, crosses to contralateral side in the medulla, and then goes through ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus and on somatosensory cortex

Answer 43

Pathway for signals involved in nociception and thermoreception - crosses over the contralateral side within spinal cord and then goes through ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus and on to the cortex

Answer 44

Nucleus of thalamus - part of both DCML pathway and spinothalamic pathway

Answer 45

Region of cerebral cortex in anterior parietal lobe | - receives signals carrying sensory info via ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

Answer 46

- first area to receive somatosensory signals from ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus - divided into areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2 *responds selectively to specific orientations of tactile stimuli

Answer 47

Receives signals from area S1

Answer 48

Mapping of body surface onto somatosensory cortex, whereby adjacent locations on the cortex receive somatosensory signals from adjacent locations on the body

Answer 49

A “what” pathway, carrying information used in perceiving object shape and identity * S1: 3b and 1+ 3a+ 2 —> S2 —> prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Answer 50

A “where/how” pathway, carrying information used in planning action S1—> posterior parietal cortex (anterior and lateral intraparietal areas)

Answer 51

1. Thermoreceptive signals carry information about the temperature from the skin into the spinal cord and then along the spinothalamic pathway to the VP nucleus of the thalamus 2. From the thalamus, these signals travel to S1 and to other regions of the cortex 3. Contralateral insular cortex is a site where non painful temperature sensations are represeanted in a somatotopic map and used for maintains constant body temperature 4. Ipsilateral insular cortex is a site where the relative intensities of temperature sensations are evaluated

Answer 52

Actually experiencing pain, as opposed to viewing someone else experiencing pain, results in the activation of different brain areas

Answer 53

Recent investigations of the cognitive and emotional dimensions of the pain experience reveal a number of top-down factors that affect the intensity and duration of pain

Answer 54

Compounds that belong to class of substances called opiates - released by body in response to painful/ stressful stimuli

Answer 55

Endogenous opioids that have an inhibitory effect on pain-related neural signals in many areas of CNS, reducing perceived intensity of pain

Answer 56

Pain reduction due to fake treatment, with no actual therapeutic value - occurs because a person believe treatment is real and expects to benefit from it

Answer 57

- If brain ceases to get input, the area that is not being used can be taken over by an adjacent area - Research finding suggest that parts of the brain that are involved in making fine perceptual discriminations rewire themselves as needed

Answer 58

Perception of missing limb, as if it were still there, even though parts of somatosensory cortex that previously received signals from the limb no longer does so

Answer 59

Cortical space devoted to certain learning gets larger

Answer 60

Actively using touch to perceive and identify objects by their 3D shape and other material properties - involved integration of info from tactile perception, proprioception, and thermoreception

Answer 61

Involves active manual exploration of objects in the world - Information about motion - Information about shape - Tactile agnosia

Answer 62

Involves rubbing the skin along the object’s surface | - the exploratory procedure (EP) pressure is used to get information about hardness

Answer 63

Is typically obtained via two different EPS, running the fingers over an edge and grasping the whole object in the hand

Answer 64

Is inability to recognize objects by touch, which can result from damage to the parietal cortex, specifically to area S2

Answer 65

- depending on the size and shape of an object, its location, it’s no ability, and other such factors, it may not be possible to touch its entire surface all at once - in these cases and in cases in which objects are entirely touchable, people typically move their hands and fingers over the object *hand and finger movement typically used by people to identify objects haptically

Answer 66

Phenomenon in which people perceive stimulation if own hand as originating from a fake hand and even perceive the fake hand as their own

Answer 67

Sense organs used to produce neural signal carrying info about balance and acceleration - includes semicircular canals and otoliths organs

Answer 68

Semicircular canals | Otoliths organs

Answer 69

- part of vestibular system - three mutually perpendicular hollow - responsible for signaling head rotation

Answer 70

Responsible for signaling when head is undergoing linear acceleration or being held in tilted positions * utricle- horizontal movement * saccule- vertical movements

Answer 71

An unconscious compensating movement of the eyes during head movements in order to maintain a stable gaze

Answer 72

A false sensation in which an individual or the individual’s surroundings seem to move or spin - most commonly cause by loose otoconia in a semicircular canal

Answer 73

- in traditional surgery, the surgeon manipulates the surgical instruments directly, and naturally receives haptic feedback from the instruments - in robot- assisted minimally invasive (RMIS), the surgeon never touches the surgical instruments, so there is a complete absence of haptic feedback

Answer 74

Haptic feedback is critical for surgical procedure where the surgeon must apply precisely calibrated forces