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BIO 111 > Chapter 15- Genes and How They Work > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Genes and How They Work Flashcards

1
Q

Central Dogma

A

Information flows from DNA — RNA — Protein

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2
Q

Transcription order

A

DNA — RNA

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3
Q

Translation order

A

RNA — protein

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4
Q

Retroviruses

A

Violate order using reverse transcriptase

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5
Q

In transcription only ____ ____ of DNA is used

A

template strand (antisense)

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6
Q

Bases in transcription

A

U in RNA is replaced with T in DNA

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7
Q

mRNA is used to

A

Direct synthesis of polypeptides

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8
Q

Transcription

A

DNA directed synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase

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9
Q

Translation

A

Synthesis of polypeptides

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10
Q

Translation takes place at

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

Translation requires

A

Several kinds of RNA

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12
Q

RNA

A

All synthesized from DNA template by transcription

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13
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

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14
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

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15
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

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16
Q

snRNA

A

Small nuclear RNA

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17
Q

Small nuclear RNA

A

Helps with splicing

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18
Q

SRP

A

Signal recognition particle RNA

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19
Q

Signal recognition particle RNA

A

Recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

miRNA

A

Micro-RNA

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21
Q

Micro-RNA

A

Newest RNA discovered- Gene regulator effect

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22
Q

Crick and Brenner

A

Determined how the order of nucleotides in DNA encoded amino acid order

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23
Q

Codon

A

Block of 3 DNA nucleotides corresponding to an amino acid (4^3=64)

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24
Q

First codon

A

Leads to the reading frame

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25
Marshell Nirenberg
Identified the codons that specify each amino acid
26
Stop Codons are used
To terminate translation (3 codons)
27
Stop codons
UUA, UGA, UAG
28
Start codon are used
To signify the start of translation (1 codon)
29
Start codon
AUG
30
Code is degenerate meaning...
Some amino acids are specified by more than one codon
31
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Have some differences in "stop" signals
32
Prokaryotic transcription involves a...
Single RNA polymerase
33
Prokaryotic transcription
Initiation of mRNA synthesis does not require a primer
34
Prokaryotic transcription requires
Promoter, start site, termination site
35
Promoter
Forms a recongnition and binding site for the RNA polymerase
36
Promoter found
Upstream of the start site
37
A promoter is
Asymmetrical, indicates site of initiation and direction of transcription
38
A promoter is not
Transcribed
39
Elongation
Grows in the 5'-to-'3 direction as ribonucleotides are added
40
Transcription bubble
Contains RNA polymerase, DNA template, and growing RNA transcription
41
After transcription bubble passes
Now-transcribed DNA is rewound as it leaves the bubble
42
Termination
Marked by sequence that signals "stop" to polymerase
43
Prokaryotic transcription is coupled to translation meaning
mRNA begins to be translated before transcription is finished
44
Operon
Grouping of functionally related genes, mutiple enzymes for a pathway
45
RNA polymerase I
Transcribes rRNA
46
RNA polymerase II
Transcribes mRNA and some snRNA
47
RNA polymerase III
Rranscribes tRNA and some other small RNAs
48
Each RNA polymerase recognizes (in ET)
Its own promoter
49
Initiation of transcription (in ET)
Requires a series of transcription factors
50
Termination (ET)
Termination sites not as well defined
51
mRNA modifications
In eukaryotes, the primary transcript must be modified to become mature mRNA
52
Addition of a ___ ___
5' cap
53
5' cap
Protects from degradation; involved in translation initiation
54
Addition of a ___ ___ ___
'3 poly-A tail
55
'3 poly-A tail
Created by poly-A polymerase; protection from degradation
56
Removal of ___ ___
non-coding sequences (introns)
57
Non-coding sequences (introns)
Pre-mRNA splicing done by spliceosome
58
Eukaryotic pre-mRNA splicing
Occurs in the nucleus
59
Introns
Non-coding sequences
60
Introns are how much percent of human genome
24%
61
Exons
Sequences that will be translated
62
snRNPs recongnize
Intron-exon boundaries "snurps"
63
snRNPs cluster with
Other proteins to form spliceosome (responsible for removing introns
64
Single primary transcript
Can be spliced into different mRNAs by inclusion of different sets of exons
65
____% of human genetic disorders due to ____ ____
15, altered splicing
66
____ to ____% of human genes exhibit some form of ____ ____
35 to 59, alternative splicing
67
tRNA molecules carry
Amino acids to ribosome for incorperation into polypeptide
68
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Add amino acids to the acceptor stem of tRNA
69
Anticodon loop contains
3 nucleotides complementary to mRNA codons
70
Each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase recognizes only 1 amino acid but...
Several tRNAs
71
Charged tRNA
Has an amino acid added using the energy from ATP
72
Ribosomes ___ ___ verify amino acid ___ ___ ___
do not, attached to tRNA
73
The bacterial ribosome has ___ tRNA binding sites
Mutiple
74
A site
Binds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid
75
P site
Binds the tRNA attached to the gorwing peptide chain
76
E site
Binds the tRNA that carried the last amino acid
77
1st primary function of ribosome
Decode the mRNA
78
2nd primary function of ribosome
Form peptide bonds
79
Peptidyl transferase
Enzymatic component of the ribosome
80
Peptidyl transferase forms
Peptide bonds between amino acids
81

BIO 111 (13 decks)

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