Cell Struture and Function- Chapter 4

Question 1

Cell Discovery

Answer 1

Discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke.

Question 2

Cell Theory

Answer 2

All organisims composed of cells

Question 3

Smallest living things

Answer 3

Cells are the smallest living units.

Question 4

Pre-existing cells

Answer 4

Cells arise only from existing cells.

Question 5

Continuous Line of Descent

Answer 5

All cells trace back to first living cells.

Question 6

Cell size limitation

Answer 6

Larger cells face diffusion challenges

Question 7

Diffusion factors

Answer 7

Surface area, temperature, concentration gradient, distance

Question 8

Advantage of small cells

Answer 8

More efficient than fewer, larger cells

Question 9

Surface Area-to-Volume ration

Answer 9

Volume increases faster than surface area

Question 10

Resolution

Answer 10

Minimum distance for distinguishing two points

Question 11

Light Microscopes

Answer 11

Use visible light to magnify objects.

Question 12

Resolution of light microscopes

Answer 12

Resolve structures 200 nm apart

Question 13

Electron microsopes

Answer 13

Use electron beams for higher resolution

Question 14

SEM

Answer 14

Scanning electron microscope for surface imaging

Question 15

TEM

Answer 15

Transmission electron microscope for internal structures

Question 16

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 16

Simplest cells, lack membrane-bound nucleus. Cell wall outside plasma membrane. Do not have ribosomes.

Question 17

Bacteria cell walls

Answer 17

Composed of peptidoglycan for protection.

Question 18

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 18

Complex cells with membrane-bound organelles

Question 19

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 19

Supports and maintains cellular function

Question 20

Nucleus

Answer 20

Contains genetic information

Question 21

Nucleolus

Answer 21

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis within the nucleus.

Question 22

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 22

2 Phospolipid byliayers. Nuclear pores that control passage in and out.

Question 23

Chromatin

Answer 23

Chromosomes + protein

Question 24

Ribosomes

Answer 24

Makes protein across all cell types. To make protein, mRNA and tRNA is needed.

Question 25

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 25

Protein-complex

Question 26

Free Ribsomes

Answer 26

Synthesize proteins for cytoplasm and organelles.

Question 27

Membrane-associated ribosomes

Answer 27

Synthesize proteins for the endomembrane system and export.

Question 28

Endomembrane System

Answer 28

Network of membranes dividing cell into functional compartments.

Question 29

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Answer 29

Synthesizes proteins for secretion. Sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane.

Question 30

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Answer 30

Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

Question 31

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 31

Packages and distributes molecules within and outside the cell.

Question 32

Cis face

Answer 32

Receiving side of the Golgi apparatus for incoming vesicles.

Question 33

Trans face

Answer 33

Shipping side of the Golgi apparatus for outgoing vesicles.

Question 34

Lysosomes

Answer 34

Digestive vesicles that break down macromolecules and debris. Destroy cells or foregin matter that the cell has engulfed through phagocytosis.

Question 35

Microbodies

Answer 35

Membrane-enclosed vesicles containing various enzymes.

Question 36

Peroxisomes

Answer 36

Contain enzymes for fatty acid oxidation and detoxification.

Question 37

Vacuoles

Answer 37

Larger membrane-bound structures for storage and transport.

Question 38

Cental vacuole

Answer 38

Storage and maintenance of turgor pressure in plant cells.

Question 39

Mitochondria

Answer 39

Powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production. Have their own DNA.

Question 40

Chloroplasts

Answer 40

Contain chlorphyll for photosynthesis. Have their own DNA. Surrounded by 2 memebranes.

Question 41

Thylakoids

Answer 41

Membranous sacs responsible for photosynthesis.

Question 42

Grana

Answer 42

Stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts

Question 43

Membranes mitochondria are bound to...

Answer 43

- Outer membrane - Intermembrane space - Matrix - Inner memebrane has cristae

Question 44

Compartmentalization

Answer 44

Presence of nucleus and organelles in cells.

Question 45

Endosymbiosis

Answer 45

Theory that organelles evolved from symbiotic cells.

Question 46

Cyanobacteria

Answer 46

Single lineage of bacteria giving rise to chloroplasts

Question 47

Binary Fission

Answer 47

A method of replication used by mitochondria

Question 48

Microfilaments

Answer 48

Two protein chains loosely intertwined. Each part is actin.

Question 49

Microtubles

Answer 49

Hollow tubes facilitating cell and material movement.

Question 50

Intermediate filaments

Answer 50

Stable fibers between actin and microtubules. Prevent excess stretching of cells.

Question 51

Centrosomes

Answer 51

Microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells. Plants and fungi lack this.

Question 52

Cell movement

Answer 52

Movement tied to actin and microtubles

Question 53

Flagella

Answer 53

Long structure with 9 + 2 microtuble arrangement.

Question 54

Cilia

Answer 54

Shorter, numerous structures aiding in movement

Question 55

Cell walls

Answer 55

Structures in plants and fungi, differing from prokaryotes.

Question 56

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Answer 56

Animal cells lack this. Secrete and elaborate mixture of gylcoproteins into space arounds. Collagen may be abundant.

Question 57

Integrins

Answer 57

Proteins linking ECM to cytoskeleton.

Question 58

Tight Junctions

Answer 58

Prevent leakage between adjacent cell membranes.

Question 59

Adhesive Juntions

Answer 59

Attach neighboring cell cytoskeletons.

Question 60

Communicating Junctions

Answer 60

Allow signals to pass between cells