Chapter 15 (adaptive immune responses)

Question 1

Lymphocytes

Answer 1

25% of WBC. easy to find

Question 2

Natural killer cells function in (NK)

Answer 2

innate response. 2. anti anything foreign 3. secrete apoptosis. 4 sprays foreign with perferin and inject with granzymes (> apoptosis)

Question 3

T and B lymphocytes

Answer 3

acquired/ adaptive imunity. 2, first exposure = dangerous. 3. naive = doesnt know which nonself to destroy. 4. if microbes change = 2nd exposure still dangerous. 5. cell specific

Question 4

Cell specific (regarding T and B cells)

Answer 4

1. until exposure = naive 2. once exposed = memory cells and antibodies to recognize foreign object

Question 5

Vaccines (regarding to memory cells/ antibodies)

Answer 5

first exposure so resistance is acquired

Question 6

Antigenic shift

Answer 6

DNA or RNA change. T & B cells have difficulties adjusting (why we are susceptible to flu and cold)

Question 7

Gamaglobulin

Answer 7

using someone elses antibodies to rx disease (works temporarily for hepatitis)

Question 8

T Lymphocytes

Answer 8

born in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland.

Question 9

T lymphocytes training

Answer 9

learn to differentiate between self and non-self in thymus gland. release into blood one differentiation is initiated

Question 10

T lymphocytes circulation

Answer 10

from thymus gland to blood to lymphatic system and tissue. still not exposed to foreign antibodies

Question 11

T lymphocytes memory cell production

Answer 11

exposure to foreign antibodies (but still specific dificulties making vaccine for cold and flu virus)

Question 12

T memory cells product of

Answer 12

clonal selection

Question 13

Pre- Clonal selection steps

Answer 13

1. virus infects cell. 2. cell with nucleus produce MHC1 protein (protein of self) 3. produce abnormal proteins 4. shows fragment of self and foreign protein. (looks like wiener in hot dog bun)

Question 14

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 14

attracted to MHC1 displays.

Question 15

Clonal selection steps

and memory cell formation

Answer 15

1. Cytotoxic T cells visits MHC1 “nice bun, not the weiner) 2. upon exposure lymphocytes undergoes clonal selection (reproduction of picture)

Question 16

Cytotoxic T cell poisoning steps

Answer 16

1. intracellular antigen required 2. MHC1 display 3. destroys infected cell via clonal selection 4. secretes perferin 5 secretes granzymes and 6 kills host cells

Question 17

Perferin

Answer 17

enzyme that burns hole in cell membrane then injects granzymes into cell

Question 18

Granzymes

Answer 18

kills cell

Question 19

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 19

(equal to Cytotoxic T cell poisoning) T Lymphocyte attacks only an intracellular antigen results in destruction of infecttion & host cell.

Question 20

Autoimmunity

Answer 20

T lymphocytes confusing self protein for foreign protein and destroys self

Question 21

Diabetes mellitus and autoimmunity

Answer 21

Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy insulin producing cell of pancreas (proof from medical history, onset usually brought on by mysterious infection < cytotoxic failed to differentiate)

Question 22

product of clonal selection

Answer 22

formation of helper cells, (not the same as memory or cytotoxic cells)

Question 23

Antibody production

Answer 23

produced against EXTRAcellular antigens

Question 24

B lymphocytes production and mature

Answer 24

in bone marrows (10% of lymphocytes) naive

Question 25

macrophages and dendritic cells

Answer 25

naive B lymphocytes against Extracellular antigens

Question 26

Humoral Immunity

Answer 26

B lymphocytes/ macrophage and dendritic cell in action consumes extracellular foreign thing

Question 27

B Lymphocytes/ Macrophages/ and dendritic cells produce

Answer 27

MHC2 identity tags

Question 28

T helper cell function in Humoral Immunity

Answer 28

takes place in Lymph nodes. After B Lymphocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells consume extracellular foreign thing and destroys, places own display of MHC2 protein and foreign protein.

Question 29

t helper cells secretes

Answer 29

Interleukins (chemical msg between white blood cells) “tattle tale” to other B lymphocytes

Question 30

B lymphocytes action after t helper cells

Answer 30

1. undergo clonal selection based on t helper info. 2. form B memory cells (> immunity for life). 3. produce plasma cells

Question 31

Plasma cells release

Answer 31

antibodies against specific antigen. (about 150K cells per second) .

Question 32

Ingredients in immunity

Answer 32

1, memory cells produced 2. antibodies produced

Question 33

Antigent Antibody Complex

Answer 33

Antibodies made by plasma cells made to fit molecular composition of a specific antigen (hand to a glove)

Question 34

Do antibodies destroy

Answer 34

nope, just bind to antigen

Question 35

Gamaglobulin assistance in immunity (8 steps)

Answer 35

1. antibodies we have made as we encounter foreign objects. 2. Macrophage eats them. 3. makes display. 4, t helper cells inspect display 5. comunicate to B lymphocytes 6. produce plasma cells 7. make antibodies 8 circulate in blood and always clear

Question 36

outcomes of antigen antibody formation

Answer 36

antibodies occupy binding site of foreign thing. if cant attach then cant infect so wont cause problems. activates complement

Question 37

what is agglutination

Answer 37

how antibodies work: clumping of antigens so agents of immune system can destroy antigens

Question 38

Activation of Complement (4 types)

Answer 38

“get it done” 1. Inflamation (hyperemia) 2. Opsonization phagocytosis PBJ 3. causes AAC antigen destruction in spleen via RBC4. MAC:(membrane attack complex) lysis of antigen

Question 39

8 steps of destroying antigen

Answer 39

1. CD4, B lymphatic, macrophage, dendritic cell 2. antigen presentation 3. CD4 t helper inspection 4. Interleukin release 5. clonal selection of b Leukocytes (B memory and B plasma) 6. Plasma cells > antibodies > antigen AAC 7. AAC activates complement (expose complement binding cite) 8. complement (Inflamation, phagocytosis, antigen destroyed in spleen, MAC)

Question 40

HIV and T helper cells

Answer 40

HIV is an autoimmune disorder which kills T helper cells, if T helper cells are below 200 there is little to no resistance to anything

Question 41

Gamaglobulin RX

Answer 41

when “Y” (antigen binding cite) lacks antibodies gamaglobulin rx is shorter but helpful