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Microbiology > CH 14 innate immune response > Flashcards

CH 14 innate immune response Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

First line of Defense

A

Skin

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2
Q

Specific defenses means…

A

specific organisms or toxins

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3
Q

Innate nonspecific defenses

A

defenses you are born with that fight against any microbes or foreign toxins

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4
Q

Skin

A

Most microbes can not pass through. but may attach to

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5
Q

What CAN pass through skin?

A

Fluke (shistesoma maxoni), or worms

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6
Q

why the skin doesn’t remain inflamed.

when will you become inflamed?

A

because stratum corneum (keratinized) is dead, so when microbes attach nothing happens.
IF cell penetrates skin.

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7
Q

loss of skin complications

A
  1. risk of loss of water. die of dehydration 2. risk of infection. (ex: psudemona exists everywhere).
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8
Q

Significance of keratine

A

antimicrobial protein (suit of armer)

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9
Q

sweat usefulness

A
  1. salty (repels microbes). 2. contain lactic acid (repels microbes)
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10
Q

Normal flora proprionic bacteria

A

found in the pores to produce propionic acid (acne and increase skin PH)

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11
Q

Mucus membrane. Two types

A

where there is no skin. mixture of antimicrobials. 1. viscous (thick and syrupy) 2. prevent microbial attachment

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12
Q

places for mucus membranes

A
  1. eyes, 2. nose. 3, mouth. 4, down south
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13
Q

mucus compromised

A

microbes attach, spread, get sick, die

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14
Q

mucus is viscous and fluid so it must…

A

flow

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15
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus, found underlying mucus membranes

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16
Q

cilia and salt water

A

mucus moved by cilia and slides on salt water

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17
Q

mucus without salt water

A

mucus stagnant and potentially penetrated open to infection

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18
Q

why proliferation of infection between Nov and Mar?

A

cold air dries the salty mucus membranes exposing for infection

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19
Q

how effective are mucus membranes

A

when healthy as effective as skin

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20
Q

direction of mucus movement

A

in nose to back of throat (nasolacrimal duct) to the stomach (swallowed) to be demolished by HCL-

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21
Q

mucus membranes contain what 3 types of defenses

A

mucus contains lysozyme (tears and saliva) and peroxydase and immunoglobulants

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22
Q

Lysozyme

A

found in tears and saliva destroys peptidoglycame (only antibacteria)

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23
Q

peroxidase

A

breakdown hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen radicals that are toxic to microbes

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24
Q

lithoferon

A

reduce iron (bacteria require iron such as in sheep blood agar plate)

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25
Q

Antimicrobial proteins (5 types)

A
  1. interferon 2. complement 3. defensins 4. interleukens 5. variety of other chemicals produced by cells to reduce infection
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26
Q

cell infected with virus releases what?

A

release interferon (also during cancer)

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27
Q

interferon

A

shut down protein synthesis in nearby cells (antiviral and anti cancerous) all cells specifically WBC.

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28
Q

human interfereon

A

rx of viral infections ( ex: hep B ) or cancers. but never enough.

29
Q

Complement what? Produces? Circulates?

A

antimicrobial protein working with antibodies produced by liver and circulated in human blood. 20 different proteins called “complement”

30
Q

Interleukins

A

white blood cell released chemicals …ex. chemokines

31
Q

chemokines

A

chemical that causes another WBC (ex macrophage) to move

32
Q

colony stimulating factors (CSF)

A

chemical msgrs. cells release this with msg to stem cell of bone marrow “produce more WBC of type needed” ex. bacterial infection, CSF tells bone marrow to increase nuetrofils (antibiotic).

33
Q

tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

interleukin. anti-cancerous chemical. first response to cancer. necrosis = death, death through apoptosis

34
Q

apoptosis

A

enzymes that activate “death genes” of cell -> cell dies

35
Q

why develop tumor?

A

because TNF cant keep pace with tumor development

36
Q

would increase in TNF decrease cancer?

A

maybe, but cancer may “disobey” gene. with anarchy cancer cells may not “listen to” apoptosis

37
Q

adhesion molecule

A

prompt binding of cells to prevent infection

38
Q

pattern recognition receptors

A

molecules on surfae of cell, ID particular foreign things (ex: LPS lipopolysacaride g- protein, or flagella) and elicits change in physiology

39
Q

Interleukin 1

A

endogenous pyrogen protein (raises internal temp) fevor to kill microbe

40
Q

inflamation

A

direct result of hypermia

41
Q

hyperemia

A

degranulate basofils (release histamine -> vasodilator). enlarge b. vessels ^ b. flow.

42
Q

signs of inflamation (hyperemia)

A
  1. redness (^ blood flow) “rubor” 2. “tumor” swelling 3. “calor” warm 4. “Dolor” pain.
43
Q

“calor”/warming is important bc…

A

increases enzyme rxns

44
Q

complications with “tumor” swelling

A

“dolor”/pain. take antiinflamitory/antihistamine/fever reducer drugs but inhibits body ability to defeat infection/ take longer to get well

45
Q

Phagocytes
in body…
in brain…

A

cell that engulfs something (foreign or not)
Body: 1. Macrophages 2. dendritic cells 3. neutrofils 4. kupffer cells 5. others
Brain: microglia

46
Q

how Phagocytes work

A

broken to molecular makeup and deactivated. (ex: break down protein to make amino acids and use amino acids for own DNA. reduce, reuse, recycle)

47
Q

Steps of Fever

A

phagocytes (ex: macrophage) injests foreign object release chemical called “Interleukin 1” ( cool down. during flu alternate between hot and cold.

48
Q

Why need Fever

A
  1. increase rate of enzyme rxns 2. bacterias and living things have preference of temp (37C or 98.6F) 3. makes environment bacteria dont like
49
Q

problem with fever

A

fever hurts (takes antipyretic/ tylonol/ asprin) prolong period of illness

50
Q

Normal Flora

A

Natural defenses against microbes. babies born w/o this, but begin to accumulates

51
Q

benefits of normal flora

A

1, competition for resources (good germs vs bad germs)

2. good germs make acid as waste which prevents bad germs

52
Q

If kill off or lack normal flora

A
  1. purge 2. bad germs proliferate. 3 digestive system irregularity
53
Q

problems with Linkomycin

A

antibacterial drug, but kills off good bacteria. causes fireworks and upset stomach

54
Q

Clostridium Difsists

A

can kill and is problematic due to antibacterial drugs killing off good germs

55
Q

Fecal transplant

A

take fecal of one person and transplant to another which provides others with momentary normal flora

56
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBC.

57
Q

blood

A

55% Plasma 45% cells

58
Q

WBC

A

born in bone marrow, transported by blood (sterilized) to body tissues to “do work son” Cellular agents of Immune system, nonspecific/specific. 1. neutrophils. 2. eosinophiles. 3. basophiles 4. monocytes

59
Q

neutrofils

A
  1. 60% of WBC 2. first to arrive (eat anything) 3. release antimicrobial chemicals 4. in blood and lymphatic system
60
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. 2% of WBC in blood 2. Phagocytic 3. anti-parasitic (resist worm infection) 4. antiallerginic
61
Q

lymphocyte/drop of blood

A

5-10K/drop of blood

62
Q

WBC differential count

A

(blood in transit, not in body)60% nuetrophils expected. if 85% indicates infections

63
Q

granulocytes

A

have granuoles in cytoplasme 1. nuetrophiles 2. basophiles 3. eosinophiles

64
Q

basophiles

A
  1. release histamine (vasodilation) 2. one% of WBC 3. release heparine (anti coagulant) 4. release leukotrienes (inflamation)
65
Q

too much histamine release

A
  1. too much vasodilation, blood pressure plummets. 2. anaphalptic rxns (cant breath) (ex : bee sting) means : “ALLERGIC to this”
66
Q

Monocytes

A
  1. born in bone marrow. 2. use blood as transport and live in tissues. 3, transform from blood monocytes to tissue MACROPHAGES. 4. 8-12% WBC in blood. 5. first line of defenses (eats all things! dead or living)
67
Q

types of macrophages

A
  1. Kupffer cells ( in liver) 2. Microglia (brain) 3. lungs (albular m.) 4. lymph nodes and fluid
68
Q

how macrophage is associated to TB

A

Macrophage eat TB bacteria, 2. cant digest. 3. TB reproduces. 4. lyse cell. 5. spreads

69
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  1. 20% of WBC. 2. have T, B and NK

Microbiology (6 decks)

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