CH 14 innate immune response Flashcards
First line of Defense
Skin
Specific defenses means…
specific organisms or toxins
Innate nonspecific defenses
defenses you are born with that fight against any microbes or foreign toxins
Skin
Most microbes can not pass through. but may attach to
What CAN pass through skin?
Fluke (shistesoma maxoni), or worms
why the skin doesn’t remain inflamed.
when will you become inflamed?
because stratum corneum (keratinized) is dead, so when microbes attach nothing happens.
IF cell penetrates skin.
loss of skin complications
- risk of loss of water. die of dehydration 2. risk of infection. (ex: psudemona exists everywhere).
Significance of keratine
antimicrobial protein (suit of armer)
sweat usefulness
- salty (repels microbes). 2. contain lactic acid (repels microbes)
Normal flora proprionic bacteria
found in the pores to produce propionic acid (acne and increase skin PH)
Mucus membrane. Two types
where there is no skin. mixture of antimicrobials. 1. viscous (thick and syrupy) 2. prevent microbial attachment
places for mucus membranes
- eyes, 2. nose. 3, mouth. 4, down south
mucus compromised
microbes attach, spread, get sick, die
mucus is viscous and fluid so it must…
flow
goblet cells
produce mucus, found underlying mucus membranes
cilia and salt water
mucus moved by cilia and slides on salt water
mucus without salt water
mucus stagnant and potentially penetrated open to infection
why proliferation of infection between Nov and Mar?
cold air dries the salty mucus membranes exposing for infection
how effective are mucus membranes
when healthy as effective as skin
direction of mucus movement
in nose to back of throat (nasolacrimal duct) to the stomach (swallowed) to be demolished by HCL-
mucus membranes contain what 3 types of defenses
mucus contains lysozyme (tears and saliva) and peroxydase and immunoglobulants
Lysozyme
found in tears and saliva destroys peptidoglycame (only antibacteria)
peroxidase
breakdown hydrogen peroxide and produce oxygen radicals that are toxic to microbes
lithoferon
reduce iron (bacteria require iron such as in sheep blood agar plate)
Antimicrobial proteins (5 types)
- interferon 2. complement 3. defensins 4. interleukens 5. variety of other chemicals produced by cells to reduce infection
cell infected with virus releases what?
release interferon (also during cancer)
interferon
shut down protein synthesis in nearby cells (antiviral and anti cancerous) all cells specifically WBC.
human interfereon
rx of viral infections ( ex: hep B ) or cancers. but never enough.
Complement what? Produces? Circulates?
antimicrobial protein working with antibodies produced by liver and circulated in human blood. 20 different proteins called “complement”
Interleukins
white blood cell released chemicals …ex. chemokines
chemokines
chemical that causes another WBC (ex macrophage) to move
colony stimulating factors (CSF)
chemical msgrs. cells release this with msg to stem cell of bone marrow “produce more WBC of type needed” ex. bacterial infection, CSF tells bone marrow to increase nuetrofils (antibiotic).
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
interleukin. anti-cancerous chemical. first response to cancer. necrosis = death, death through apoptosis
apoptosis
enzymes that activate “death genes” of cell -> cell dies
why develop tumor?
because TNF cant keep pace with tumor development
would increase in TNF decrease cancer?
maybe, but cancer may “disobey” gene. with anarchy cancer cells may not “listen to” apoptosis
adhesion molecule
prompt binding of cells to prevent infection
pattern recognition receptors
molecules on surfae of cell, ID particular foreign things (ex: LPS lipopolysacaride g- protein, or flagella) and elicits change in physiology
Interleukin 1
endogenous pyrogen protein (raises internal temp) fevor to kill microbe
inflamation
direct result of hypermia
hyperemia
degranulate basofils (release histamine -> vasodilator). enlarge b. vessels ^ b. flow.
signs of inflamation (hyperemia)
- redness (^ blood flow) “rubor” 2. “tumor” swelling 3. “calor” warm 4. “Dolor” pain.
“calor”/warming is important bc…
increases enzyme rxns
complications with “tumor” swelling
“dolor”/pain. take antiinflamitory/antihistamine/fever reducer drugs but inhibits body ability to defeat infection/ take longer to get well
Phagocytes
in body…
in brain…
cell that engulfs something (foreign or not)
Body: 1. Macrophages 2. dendritic cells 3. neutrofils 4. kupffer cells 5. others
Brain: microglia
how Phagocytes work
broken to molecular makeup and deactivated. (ex: break down protein to make amino acids and use amino acids for own DNA. reduce, reuse, recycle)
Steps of Fever
phagocytes (ex: macrophage) injests foreign object release chemical called “Interleukin 1” ( cool down. during flu alternate between hot and cold.
Why need Fever
- increase rate of enzyme rxns 2. bacterias and living things have preference of temp (37C or 98.6F) 3. makes environment bacteria dont like
problem with fever
fever hurts (takes antipyretic/ tylonol/ asprin) prolong period of illness
Normal Flora
Natural defenses against microbes. babies born w/o this, but begin to accumulates
benefits of normal flora
1, competition for resources (good germs vs bad germs)
2. good germs make acid as waste which prevents bad germs
If kill off or lack normal flora
- purge 2. bad germs proliferate. 3 digestive system irregularity
problems with Linkomycin
antibacterial drug, but kills off good bacteria. causes fireworks and upset stomach
Clostridium Difsists
can kill and is problematic due to antibacterial drugs killing off good germs
Fecal transplant
take fecal of one person and transplant to another which provides others with momentary normal flora
Leukocytes
WBC.
blood
55% Plasma 45% cells
WBC
born in bone marrow, transported by blood (sterilized) to body tissues to “do work son” Cellular agents of Immune system, nonspecific/specific. 1. neutrophils. 2. eosinophiles. 3. basophiles 4. monocytes
neutrofils
- 60% of WBC 2. first to arrive (eat anything) 3. release antimicrobial chemicals 4. in blood and lymphatic system
Eosinophils
- 2% of WBC in blood 2. Phagocytic 3. anti-parasitic (resist worm infection) 4. antiallerginic
lymphocyte/drop of blood
5-10K/drop of blood
WBC differential count
(blood in transit, not in body)60% nuetrophils expected. if 85% indicates infections
granulocytes
have granuoles in cytoplasme 1. nuetrophiles 2. basophiles 3. eosinophiles
basophiles
- release histamine (vasodilation) 2. one% of WBC 3. release heparine (anti coagulant) 4. release leukotrienes (inflamation)
too much histamine release
- too much vasodilation, blood pressure plummets. 2. anaphalptic rxns (cant breath) (ex : bee sting) means : “ALLERGIC to this”
Monocytes
- born in bone marrow. 2. use blood as transport and live in tissues. 3, transform from blood monocytes to tissue MACROPHAGES. 4. 8-12% WBC in blood. 5. first line of defenses (eats all things! dead or living)
types of macrophages
- Kupffer cells ( in liver) 2. Microglia (brain) 3. lungs (albular m.) 4. lymph nodes and fluid
how macrophage is associated to TB
Macrophage eat TB bacteria, 2. cant digest. 3. TB reproduces. 4. lyse cell. 5. spreads
Lymphocytes
- 20% of WBC. 2. have T, B and NK
