Chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

This is made up of DNA

A

Genes

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2
Q

If you know the genotype you know the

A

Phenotype

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3
Q

If you know what the genes are you know an organisms

A

Traits

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4
Q

If you know the DNA make up of an organism you know the

A

Proteins for it

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5
Q

The biochemical pathway to create Arginine has ____stepsin which each step requires a separate ______

A

5 ; enzyme

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6
Q

List similarities of DNA and RNA

A

Both nucleaic acid molecules

Both have phosphate backbone

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7
Q

List differences of DNA and RNA

A

> RNA sugar is ribose -DNA sugar is deoxyribose
RNA is slightly hydrophyllic move through cytoplasm
RNA has uracil base instead of the DNA thymine base
RNA single strand ; DNA double strand

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8
Q

What are the rna that are formed in transcription

A
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
snRNA
microRNA
siRNA
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9
Q

Sequence of 3 nucleotide bases in the template strand of DNA codes for a specific amino acid

A

DNA triplet

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10
Q

Triplets are transcribed into ______ codon

A

mRNA

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11
Q

How many possible amino acids are there

A

20

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12
Q

When speaking of genetic code it is

A

Specific
Code is degenerate
Almost universal
Have special codons

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13
Q

What is the start codon where translation always starts

A

AUG

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14
Q

What are sequences of the stop codons where translation stops

A

UGA
UAA
UAG

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15
Q

What are the 3 steps in transcription

A

Initiation
Enlongation
Termination

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16
Q

Small RNA that are involved in gene expression

A

miRNA

siRNA

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17
Q

How does a retrovirus convert RNA to a DNA copy

A

Reverse transcriptase

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18
Q

This RNA carries DNA message to ribosome for processing of proteins

A

mRNA

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19
Q

This RNA has amino acids covalently attached to one end and an anticodon that can base pair with an mRNA

A

tRNA

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20
Q

Series of nucleotides grouped into blocks of information which corresponds to an amino acid

A

Codons

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21
Q

The genetic code is ______ which some amino acids are specified with more than one codon

A

Degenerate

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22
Q

For the most genetic code is universal. Which examples of living cells do not follow this universality

A

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

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23
Q

How many codons total specify for amino acids

A

64

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24
Q

In prokaryotes the initiation of mRNA does not require______.

A

A primer

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25
Q

Initiation of transcription requires two sites on DNA what are they

A

Promoter

Start site

26
Q

This site forms a recognition and binding site for the RNA polymerase

A

Promoter

27
Q

The site at which transcription begins

A

Start site

28
Q

The polymerase needs this to end transcription

A

Terminator

29
Q

In prokaryotes the mRNA produced by transcription begins to be translated before transcription is finished - they are _______. This can not occur in eukaryotes

A

Coupled

30
Q

In eukaryotes transcription occurs in__________ and __________occurs in cytoplasm

A

Nucleus

Translation

31
Q

This is a single transcription unit that encodes multiple enzymes in prokaryotes

A

Operon

32
Q

How many RNA polymerase enzymes do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in transcription

A

Prokaryotes-1

Eukaryotes- 3

33
Q

The RNA synethsized by RNA polymerase II is called the

A

Primary transcript

34
Q

The primary transcript produces

A

Mature mRNA

35
Q

The 5’ cap and the 3’ poly A tail are added to mRNA during eukaryotic transcription because

A

It protects it from degradation

36
Q

Non coding DNA that interrupts the sequence of the gene

A

Introns

37
Q

Coding sequences of DNA that are expressed

A

Exons

38
Q

What percent of the human genome is made of introns and exons

A

24%

1.5%

39
Q

What complex recognizes the intron and exon junctions

A

snRNPs ( snurps)

40
Q

The snRNPs cluster together to form a ______ which is responsible for the splicing of introns

A

Spliceosome

41
Q

Or protein synthesis to proceed each ______ must be attached to tRNA with the correct ______.

A

Amino acid

Anticodon

42
Q

Where does mRNA undergo translation to make a protein

A

Ribosomes

43
Q

Ribosomes are made of

A

rRNA and proteins

44
Q

What are the functions of the small and large unit in ribosomes

A

Small - decoding the transcribed message

Large- formation of peptide bonds by use of the enzyme peptidyl transferase

45
Q

Su units only come together in

A

Translation

46
Q

Name differences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes gene expression

A

Translation begins before transcription is completed ( coupled ) in prokaryotes while eukaryotes undergo modifications

47
Q

In genetic code one codon

A

Consists of three bases and specifies a single amino acid

48
Q

When the small and large subunits of the ribosomes come together they form ______.

A

3 slots APE

49
Q

When the elongation step in protein synthesis reaches a stop codon what attaches to this codon

A

Release factor

50
Q

What does the release factor initiates in protein synthesis

A

Release the polypeptide ( protein)
mRNA is released
Subunits beak apart to form again elsewhere

51
Q

A mutation that alters a single base by either substitution deletion addition

A

Point mutation

52
Q

This type of point mutation is the substitution of one base pair for another which may or may not alter the amino acid encoded

A

Base substitution mutation

53
Q

This point mutation is the addition or deletion of a single base in this case it can alter the reading in the mRNA which could lead to altering most protein as well as early termination of translation

A

Frame shift mutation

54
Q

Mutations altering the structure of the chromosomes

A

Chromosomal mutation

55
Q

Deletion in a chromosome mutation is not

A

Reversible

56
Q

This mutation changes the codon to a different codon that changes the amino acid

A

Missense mutation

57
Q

This mutation changes a codon to a stop codon

A

Nonsense mutation

58
Q

This type of chromosomal mutation an entire section of chromosome and entire genes are lost

A

Deletion

59
Q

In this chromosomal mutation is duplicated and new results in 2 copies of the gene

A

Duplication

60
Q

This chromosomal mutation a section breaks off and reattached to different chromosome

A

Translocation

61
Q

Section is broken off in two places rotates 180* and reattaches where broken

A

Inversión

May effect how genes are expressed