Chapter 15 Flashcards
rhinovirus
causes common cold positive single-stranded RNA virus naked icosahedral over 100 strains
rhinovirus tropism
nares, cooler temperatures
rhinovirus transmission
airborne respiratory droplets or fomites
rhinovirus symptoms
productive cough
adenovirus
causes common cold
DNA virus
naked, icosahedral
adenovirus tropism
adenoid tissue - soft tissue behind the nasal cavity
adenovirus symptoms
cough, fever, sore throat
EV 68
an enterovirus
causes severe respiratory infections
recent outbreaks
influenza
highly communicable acute respiratory infection
influenza transmission
airborne respiratory droplets
adenovirus transmission
respiratory droplets
influenza A
strikes every year, causes the most epidemics due to reservoirs in humans, pigs, and birds
influenza B
strikes every year but less common than type A - reservoir only in humans
influenza C
causes mild respiratory illness, no epidemics - reservoir only in humans
flu symptoms
fever, body aches, dry coughs
influenza A virus
negative single-stranded RNA - 8 segments
enveloped, helical
matrix protein
influenza A virus spikes
hemagglutinin (H) spike
neuraminidase (N) spike
hemagglutinin (H) spike
on influenza A virus
helps virion attach and penetrate host cells
neuraminidase (N) spike
on influenza A virus
helps release virions from the host cell after replication and assembly
influenza vaccine
mixture of 2 most common type A subtypes and 1 most common type B subtype
antigenic drift
mutation - leads to a small variation within H or N
antigenic shift
change/reassortment in one or more of the 8 segments
flumist vaccine
attenuated virus vaccine for influenza
Guillain-Barré syndrome
a complication of the flu
the body damages its own peripheral nerve cells
Reye syndrome
a complication of the flu
occurs when children take aspirin
causes nausea, vomiting, brain and liver problems
amantidine, rimantadine
antiviral treatment; inhibit uncoating of virus
tamiflu, relenza
antiviral treatment; prevent release of flu virus from virally infected cells by inhibiting the action of N spike
RSV disease
respiratory syncytial virus disease, caused RSV virus
causes lung cells to fuse together into syncytia
herpesviruses (6)
herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2 varicella-zoster virus (VZV) human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Kaposi's sarcoma-like virus (HHV8) ALL ENVELOPED, ALL DOUBLE STRANDED DNA
HSV-1
causes oral cold sores
virus becomes latent in nearby ganglia after primary infection - can reoccur
herpes keratitis
HSV-1 infection of the eye
can cause scarring of cornea an blindness
HSV-2
causes genital herpes - itching and throbbing in genital area followed by blisters
HSV treatment
Acyclovir - for both HSV 1 and 2 infections
doesn’t cure, but shortens and decreases number of outbreaks
neonatal herpes
HSV-2 disease passed from infected mothers to newborns during child birth - delays mental development, causes blindness and seizures
chickenpox
(varicella)
caused by varicella-zoster virus
red, itchy rash spreads across body - infection when broken
shingles
(zoster)
caused by varicella-zoster virus - adult disease
occurs when VZV is reactivated and causes blisters and patches of red on one side of the body
facial paralysis, “ice-pick” pains
shingles vaccine
zostavax - live, attenuated
HHV-6
causes roseola in infants - high fever, red rash
EBV
oncogenic - can cause Burkitt’s lymphoma
HHV-8
oncogenic - can cause Kaposi’s sarcoma; tumor of the blood vessel walls, causes dark or purple skin lesions
HPV
(human papillomavirus)
causes common and genital warts
some strains are associated with cervical cancer
common warts
caused by HPV
benign skin growths
genital warts
(condylomata)
caused by HPV
can be transmitted to infants during delivery
HPV vaccine
Gardasil - genital warts/cervical cancer vaccine
recombinant
quadrivalent - protects against 4 types of HPV
measles
(rubeola)
causes koplik spots - red patches with white grain-like centers along the gun line
maculopapules at hairline - spreads to rest of body
measles vaccine
MMR vaccine - measles, mumps, rubella
mumps
(infectious parotitis)
enlarged jaw tissues caused by swollen salivary glands (especially the parotid glands)
rubella
(german measles)
pale-pink maculopapular rash with occasional fever
congenital rubella
fetus infected through placenta
child may be born with eye, ear, or heart problems
Gene Tierney
smallpox
(variola)
pink-red macules on face and trunk –> become papules, fluid-filled vesicles –> pustules that break open and emit pus and leave scars (pocks)
SARS
(severe acute respiratory syndrome)
emerging upper respiratory illness - 10% mortality rate
SARS is caused by:
Coronaviridae
SARS transmission
person-to-person contact and fomites
bats - reservoir
HHV-6 transmission
respiratory secretions or saliva
Postherpetic neuralgia
the persistence of shingles pain for years after the blisters have disappeared
chickenpox treatment
attenuated vaccine
orchitis
mumps in males - swelling and damage in the testes
