Chapter 14 Vocab

Question 1

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 1

Theory that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Question 2

Health Psychology

Answer 2

Specialty of psychology concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health

Question 3

Stress

Answer 3

Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and that hereby tax one’s coping abilities

Question 4

Primary Appraisal

Answer 4

Initial evaluation of whether an event is irrelevant, relevant but not threatening, or stressful

Question 5

Secondary Appraisal

Answer 5

Evaluation of coping resources and options for dealing with a threat

Question 6

Acute Stressors

Answer 6

Threatening events with a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

Question 7

Chronic Stressors

Answer 7

Threatening events with a relatively long duration and no obvious timeframe

Question 8

4 Major Types of Stress

Answer 8

1. Frustration
2. Conflict
3. Change
4. Pressure

Question 9

Frustration

Answer 9

Occurs when the pursuit of a goal is thwarted

Question 10

Conflict

Answer 10

Occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioural impulses compete for expression

Question 11

3 Types of Conflict

Answer 11

1. Approach-Approach
2. Avoidance-Avoidance
3. Approach-Avoidance

Question 12

Approach-Approach Conflict

Answer 12

A choice must be made between two attractive goals, least stressful conflict

Question 13

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Answer 13

A choice must be made between two unattractive goals, highly stressful

Question 14

Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Answer 14

A choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal with both attractive and unattractive aspects

Question 15

Life Changes

Answer 15

Any substantial alterations to one’s living circumstances that require readjustment

Question 16

Pressure

Answer 16

Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way

Question 17

Fight-or-Flight Response

Answer 17

A physiological reaction to a threat in which the autonomic nervous system mobilizes the organism for attacking or fleeing

Question 18

General Adaption Syndrome

Answer 18

A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Question 19

Alarm Stage (GAS)

Answer 19

Fight-or-flight, occurs when an organism first recognizes a threat

Question 20

Resistance Stage (GAS)

Answer 20

Prolonged stress, physiological changes stabilize, coping begins

Question 21

Exhaustion Stage (GAS)

Answer 21

Substantial period of stress, body’s resources become depleted

Question 22

Learned Helplessness

Answer 22

Chronic passive behaviour produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events

Question 23

Aggression

Answer 23

Any behaviour that is intended to hurt someone, physically or verbally

Question 24

Catharsis

Answer 24

Freud, behaving aggressively to release emotional tension

Question 25

Constructive Coping

Answer 25

Any relatively healthful effort made to deal with stressful events

Question 26

Problem-Focused Coping

Answer 26

Confronting and attempting to change the situation

Question 27

Emotion-Focused Coping

Answer 27

Managing emotions that arise from a stressful situation

Question 28

Avoidance Coping

Answer 28

Removing oneself from a stressful situation

Question 29

Proactive Coping

Answer 29

Predicting and preparing for a stressful situation

Question 30

Defensive Coping

Answer 30

Using defense mechanisms to handle a stressful situation

Question 31

Burnout

Answer 31

Physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and low self-efficacy that can gradually develop from work-related stress

Question 32

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 32

Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event

Question 33

Type A Personality

Answer 33

Strong competitive orientation, impatience, anger, and hostility

Question 34

Type B Personality

Answer 34

Relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amicable, associated with longer longevity

Question 35

Immune Response

Answer 35

The body’s defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances

Question 36

Social Support

Answer 36

Various types of aid and emotional sustenance provided by members of one’s social network

Question 37

3 Types of Social Support

Answer 37

1. Tangible Support
2. Information
3. Emotional Support

Question 38

Optimism

Answer 38

General tendency to expect good outcomes, related to greater immune functioning, cardiovascular health, and longevity

Question 39

Hardiness

Answer 39

A constellation of attitudes, beliefs, and behavioural tendencies that consist of commitment, control, and challenge

Question 40

4 Types of Humour

Answer 40

1. Affiliative
2. Self-Enhancing
3. Aggressive
4. Self-Defeating

Question 41

Affiliative Humour

Answer 41

Humour used to connect with others, generally adaptive

Question 42

Self-Enhancing Humour

Answer 42

Personal humour used to cope, generally adaptive

Question 43

Aggressive Humour

Answer 43

Humour used to put others down, generally maladaptive

Question 44

Self-Defeating Humour

Answer 44

Humour used to put down the self, generally maladaptive

Question 45

Health Promotion

Answer 45

Process of preventing, reducing, and eliminating behaviours that pose risks to health

Question 46

Stages of Health-Related Behaviour Change (Transtheoretical)

Answer 46

1. Precontemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenence
6. Termination

Question 47

Precontemplation Stage (Transtheoretical)

Answer 47

Individual does not perceive a health-related problem