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Psych 102 > Chapter 13 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Naive Psychology

A

Personal theories of others that we hold, including folk wisdom (Fritz Heider)

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2
Q

Social Schemas

A

Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people

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3
Q

Self-Schema

A

An integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about one’s behaviour in a given domain

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4
Q

4 Types of Social Comparisons

A
  1. Downward Comparison
  2. Upward Comparison
  3. Self-Evaluating Maintenance
  4. Self-Assessment
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5
Q

Downward Comparison

A

Target of comparison is performing poorly compared to oneself

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6
Q

Upward Comparison

A

Target of comparison is performing well compared to oneself

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7
Q

Self-Evaluation Maintenance

A

Target of comparison is not outperforming oneself in ways that are relevant to one’s self-esteem

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8
Q

Self-Assessment

A

Target of comparison is performing equally

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9
Q

Stereotypes

A

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

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10
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

We tend to seek out, remember, and interpret info that confirms our existing beliefs

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11
Q

Primacy Effect

A

First info received is assigned more weight in forming an impression

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12
Q

Recency Effect

A

Most recent info is assigned more weight in forming an impression

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13
Q

Positivity Bias (Pollyanna Effect)

A

We have a natural inclination to want to see people in a positive light

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14
Q

Negativity Bias

A

Tendency to assign more weight to negative info than positive info

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15
Q

Ingroup

A

A group that one belongs to and identifies with

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16
Q

Outgroup

A

A group that one does not belong to or identify with

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17
Q

Ingroup Heterogeneity

A

Tendency to believe members of an ingroup are more diverse from one another

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18
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity

A

Tendency to believe members of an outgroup are more similar to one another

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19
Q

Internal Attribution

A

Attributing the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and behaviours

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20
Q

External Attribution

A

Attributing causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental factors

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21
Q

4 Types of Attributions

A
  1. Internal-Stable
  2. Internal-Unstable
  3. External-Stable
  4. External-Unstable
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22
Q

Internal-Unstable

A

Attributed to effort, mood, fatigue

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23
Q

Internal-Stable

A

Attributed to ability, intelligence

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24
Q

External-Unstable

A

Attributed to luck, chance, opportunity

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25
External-Stable
Attributed to task difficulty
26
Fundamental Attribution Error
Observers' bias in favour of internal attribution for others' behaviour
27
Actor-Observer Bias
Actors favour external attributions for their own behaviour, observers favour internal attributions for the same behaviour
28
Self-Serving Bias
Tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors and failures to external factors
29
Defensive Attribution
Tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes so that one will feel less less likely to be victimized in the same way
30
Just World Hypothesis
Tendency to believe that the world is inherently just and people get what they deserve
31
Interpersonal Attraction
Positive feeling toward another
32
Matching Hypothesis
People of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select one another as partners
33
Similarity Effect
Those with similar personalities attract one another in friendship and relationships
34
Mere Exposure Effect
We tend to like those we encounter often
35
Reciprocity Effect
We tend to like those that show that they like us, we tend to assume that people like us if we like them
36
Passionate Love
Complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feeling and intense emotion
37
Companionate Love
Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose one's life is deeply intertwined with
38
2 Categories of Companionate Love
1. Intimacy | 2. Commitment
39
Social Exchange Theory
Rewards - Costs = Outcome of the relationship. Outcomes are measured at 2 standards: comparison level and comparison level for alternatives.
40
Comparison Level (Social Exchange Theory)
Our expectation of rewards and costs that we think we deserve, influences relationship satisfaction
41
Comparison Level for Alternatives (Social Exchange Theory)
Expectation of rewards and costs that we could obtain outside of the relationship, influences commitment level
42
Attitudes
Positive and negative evaluations of objects of thought
43
3 Components of Attitudes
1. Cognitive Component 2. Affective Component 3. Behavioural Component
44
Cognitive Component of an Attitude
Beliefs held by people about the object of an attitude
45
Affective Component of an Attitude
Emotions attached to the object of an attitude
46
Behavioural Component of an Attitude
Predispositions to act in certain ways toward the object of an attitude
47
Explicit Attitudes
Attitudes that we hold consciously and can readily describe
48
Implicit Attitudes
Covert attitudes that are expressed by subtle, automatic responses
49
4 Factors of Persuasion
- Source - Receiver - Message - Channel
50
Belief Perseverance
Tendency to hold a belief despite contradictory evidence
51
Dissonance Theory
Theory that inconsistencies among attitudes encourage people in the direction of attitude change
52
Cognitive Dissonance
Related cognitions being inconsistent and contradicting one another, causes mental stress
53
2 Basic Routes of Persuasion
1. Central Route | 2. Peripheral Route
54
Central Route of Persuasion
A person carefully ponders the content and logic of a persuasive message
55
Peripheral Route of Persuasion
Persuasion of a person depends on non-informational factors
56
Conformity
People yielding to real or imagined social pressure
57
Normative Influence
People conforming to social norms for fear of negative social consequences
58
Informational Influence
People looking to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations
59
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct demands, usually from an authority figure
60
Social Roles
Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions should behave
61
Bystander Effect
People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in a group than when they are alone
62
Social Loafing
Reduction in effort by individuals when in a group because of diffused responsibility
63
Ringelmann Effect
Loss of productivity in groups when working on additive tasks
64
Additive Tasks
Each group members' efforts adding up to a group product
65
Group Polarization
Group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision direction
66
Groupthink
Members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking when making decisions
67
Group Cohesiveness
The strength of the relationships linking group members to one another and to the group itself
68
Causes of Groupthink
1. High group cohesiveness 2. Insulation of the group 3. Lack of procedure for search and appraisal 4. Single Directive Leader 5. High Stress
69
Prosocial Behaviour
Actions that benefit other people, regardless of motive
70
Altruism
Prosocial behaviour that benefits others without regard for personal consequences
71
Kin Selection
We are more likely to help those that we are genetically linked too

Psych 102 (6 decks)

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