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Psych 102 > Chapter 13 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Naive Psychology

A

Personal theories of others that we hold, including folk wisdom (Fritz Heider)

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2
Q

Social Schemas

A

Organized clusters of ideas about categories of social events and people

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3
Q

Self-Schema

A

An integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about one’s behaviour in a given domain

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4
Q

4 Types of Social Comparisons

A
  1. Downward Comparison
  2. Upward Comparison
  3. Self-Evaluating Maintenance
  4. Self-Assessment
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5
Q

Downward Comparison

A

Target of comparison is performing poorly compared to oneself

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6
Q

Upward Comparison

A

Target of comparison is performing well compared to oneself

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7
Q

Self-Evaluation Maintenance

A

Target of comparison is not outperforming oneself in ways that are relevant to one’s self-esteem

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8
Q

Self-Assessment

A

Target of comparison is performing equally

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9
Q

Stereotypes

A

Widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

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10
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

We tend to seek out, remember, and interpret info that confirms our existing beliefs

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11
Q

Primacy Effect

A

First info received is assigned more weight in forming an impression

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12
Q

Recency Effect

A

Most recent info is assigned more weight in forming an impression

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13
Q

Positivity Bias (Pollyanna Effect)

A

We have a natural inclination to want to see people in a positive light

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14
Q

Negativity Bias

A

Tendency to assign more weight to negative info than positive info

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15
Q

Ingroup

A

A group that one belongs to and identifies with

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16
Q

Outgroup

A

A group that one does not belong to or identify with

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17
Q

Ingroup Heterogeneity

A

Tendency to believe members of an ingroup are more diverse from one another

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18
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity

A

Tendency to believe members of an outgroup are more similar to one another

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19
Q

Internal Attribution

A

Attributing the causes of behaviour to personal dispositions, traits, abilities, and behaviours

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20
Q

External Attribution

A

Attributing causes of behaviour to situational demands and environmental factors

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21
Q

4 Types of Attributions

A
  1. Internal-Stable
  2. Internal-Unstable
  3. External-Stable
  4. External-Unstable
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22
Q

Internal-Unstable

A

Attributed to effort, mood, fatigue

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23
Q

Internal-Stable

A

Attributed to ability, intelligence

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24
Q

External-Unstable

A

Attributed to luck, chance, opportunity

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25
Q

External-Stable

A

Attributed to task difficulty

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26
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Observers’ bias in favour of internal attribution for others’ behaviour

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27
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

Actors favour external attributions for their own behaviour, observers favour internal attributions for the same behaviour

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28
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Tendency to attribute one’s success to internal factors and failures to external factors

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29
Q

Defensive Attribution

A

Tendency to blame victims for their misfortunes so that one will feel less less likely to be victimized in the same way

30
Q

Just World Hypothesis

A

Tendency to believe that the world is inherently just and people get what they deserve

31
Q

Interpersonal Attraction

A

Positive feeling toward another

32
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

People of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select one another as partners

33
Q

Similarity Effect

A

Those with similar personalities attract one another in friendship and relationships

34
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

We tend to like those we encounter often

35
Q

Reciprocity Effect

A

We tend to like those that show that they like us, we tend to assume that people like us if we like them

36
Q

Passionate Love

A

Complete absorption in another that includes tender sexual feeling and intense emotion

37
Q

Companionate Love

A

Warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose one’s life is deeply intertwined with

38
Q

2 Categories of Companionate Love

A
  1. Intimacy

2. Commitment

39
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

Rewards - Costs = Outcome of the relationship. Outcomes are measured at 2 standards: comparison level and comparison level for alternatives.

40
Q

Comparison Level (Social Exchange Theory)

A

Our expectation of rewards and costs that we think we deserve, influences relationship satisfaction

41
Q

Comparison Level for Alternatives (Social Exchange Theory)

A

Expectation of rewards and costs that we could obtain outside of the relationship, influences commitment level

42
Q

Attitudes

A

Positive and negative evaluations of objects of thought

43
Q

3 Components of Attitudes

A
  1. Cognitive Component
  2. Affective Component
  3. Behavioural Component
44
Q

Cognitive Component of an Attitude

A

Beliefs held by people about the object of an attitude

45
Q

Affective Component of an Attitude

A

Emotions attached to the object of an attitude

46
Q

Behavioural Component of an Attitude

A

Predispositions to act in certain ways toward the object of an attitude

47
Q

Explicit Attitudes

A

Attitudes that we hold consciously and can readily describe

48
Q

Implicit Attitudes

A

Covert attitudes that are expressed by subtle, automatic responses

49
Q

4 Factors of Persuasion

A
  • Source
  • Receiver
  • Message
  • Channel
50
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

Tendency to hold a belief despite contradictory evidence

51
Q

Dissonance Theory

A

Theory that inconsistencies among attitudes encourage people in the direction of attitude change

52
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

Related cognitions being inconsistent and contradicting one another, causes mental stress

53
Q

2 Basic Routes of Persuasion

A
  1. Central Route

2. Peripheral Route

54
Q

Central Route of Persuasion

A

A person carefully ponders the content and logic of a persuasive message

55
Q

Peripheral Route of Persuasion

A

Persuasion of a person depends on non-informational factors

56
Q

Conformity

A

People yielding to real or imagined social pressure

57
Q

Normative Influence

A

People conforming to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

58
Q

Informational Influence

A

People looking to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

59
Q

Obedience

A

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct demands, usually from an authority figure

60
Q

Social Roles

A

Widely shared expectations about how people in certain positions should behave

61
Q

Bystander Effect

A

People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in a group than when they are alone

62
Q

Social Loafing

A

Reduction in effort by individuals when in a group because of diffused responsibility

63
Q

Ringelmann Effect

A

Loss of productivity in groups when working on additive tasks

64
Q

Additive Tasks

A

Each group members’ efforts adding up to a group product

65
Q

Group Polarization

A

Group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision direction

66
Q

Groupthink

A

Members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking when making decisions

67
Q

Group Cohesiveness

A

The strength of the relationships linking group members to one another and to the group itself

68
Q

Causes of Groupthink

A
  1. High group cohesiveness
  2. Insulation of the group
  3. Lack of procedure for search and appraisal
  4. Single Directive Leader
  5. High Stress
69
Q

Prosocial Behaviour

A

Actions that benefit other people, regardless of motive

70
Q

Altruism

A

Prosocial behaviour that benefits others without regard for personal consequences

71
Q

Kin Selection

A

We are more likely to help those that we are genetically linked too

Psych 102 (6 decks)

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