Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards by Kora Mordy

Sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

Development

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Period that extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy

Prenatal Period

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First stage of prenatal development, first 2 weeks after conception

Germinal Stage

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Structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass to the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream

Placenta

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Second stage of prenatal development lasts from 2 weeks to about 2 months

Embryonic Stage

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Age at which a baby can survive outside of the womb in the event of premature birth, occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks

Age of Viability

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Third stage of prenatal development, lasts from 2 months to birth

Fetal Stage

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Any external agent, such as drugs and viruses, that can harm an embryo or fetus

Teratogens

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Collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use of mother during pregnancy

FASD (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder)

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The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Motor Development

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Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

Maturation

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Indications of the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities

Developmental Norms

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Characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

Temperament

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Observation of one group of participants repeatedly over time

Longitudinal Study Design

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Comparison of different groups of participants at varying ages at a single time

Cross-Sectional Study Design

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Differences between age groups due to the groups growing up in different time periods

Cohort Effect

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Easy, Slow-to-warm-up, and Difficult

3 Basic Types of Temperament

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Close, emotional bonds of affection that form between infants and their caregivers

Attachment

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Emotional distress seen in many infants when separated from someone they are attached to

Separation Anxiety

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Mary Salter Ainsworth (Theory)

Patterns of Attachment

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Child and caregiver enter room
Stranger enters and tries to interact with child
3 Caregiver leaves room. Child is alone with stranger
Caregiver returns, stranger leaves

Strange Situation Paradigm

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Secure
Anxious-Ambivalent
Avoidant
Disorganized-Disoriented

4 Patterns of Attachment

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Infant is upset when mother leaves, quickly calmed upon her return

Secure Attachment

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Infant apears anxious, very upset when mother leaves, not calmed when mother returns

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

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Is not upset when mother leaves, not interested when she returns

Avoidant Attachment

Infant is confused about the entire situation and unsure how to react

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

Shaver and Fraley

Adult Attachment Patterns

Person is comfortable with intimacy and autonomy, low anxiety and low avoidance

Secure Adult Attachment

Person has a sense of unworthiness, high involvement in relationships, low avoidance and high anxiety

Preoccupied Adult Attachment

Anxiety (attitude towards self) and avoidance (attitude toward others)

2 Dimensions of Attachment

Person is not interested in relationships, independent, not trusting, low anxiety, and high avoidance

Dismissing-Avoidant Adult Attachment

Wants relationships but not trusting enough for a relationship, high avoidance and high anxiety

Fearful-Avoidant Adult Attachment

Diana Baumrind (Theory)

Parenting Styles

1. Uninvolved 2. Authoritarian 3. Permissive 4. Authoritative

4 Parenting Styles

Warmth/Responsiveness and Expectations/Control

2 Dimensions of Parenting

Not much parenting at all, low W/R and low E/C

Uninvolved Parenting Style

Strict rules are set and cannot be challenged, reliance on fear and punishment, low W/R and high E/C

Authoritarian Parenting Style

Few rules, not much discipline, high W/R and low E/C

Permissive Parenting Style

Rules are clearly established but are allowed to be challenged, high W/R and low E/C

Authoritative Parenting Style

A developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established

Developmental Stage

Erik Erikson (Theory)

8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

1. Trust vs Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt 3. Initiative vs Guilt 4. Industry vs Inferiority 5. Identity vs Confusion 6. Intimacy vs Isolation 7. Generativity vs Self Absorption 8. Integrity vs Despair

8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

First stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust

Trust vs Mistrust

Second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control. If independence is encouraged, autonomy develops

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Third stage in Erikson's theory, Child begins to make their own decisions, assert themselves in social settings, and if encouraged, develop initiative

Initiative vs Guilt

Fourth stage of Erikson's theory in which children enter into the greater society beyond the family for the first time. If they succeed in navigating this stage, then they are able to develop a meaningful social role

Industry vs Inferiority

Fifth stage of Erikson's theory, is characterized by the adolescent question of “Who am I,” during which time they are conflicted with dozens of values and ideas of who they should be and what they should think

Identity vs Confusion

Sixth stage of Erikson's theory where young adults decide if they wish to share their life with others through meaningful relationships

Intimacy vs Isolation

Seventh stage of Erikson's theory, the decision of whether one wishes to contribute to society and the sustainability of the next generation

Generativity vs Self-Absorption

Eighth stage of Erikson's theory, individuals who reflect on their life and regret not achieving their goals will experience feelings of bitterness and despair

Integrity vs Despair

Transitions in a child's patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem-solving

Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget (Theory)

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental schemas without changing them

Assimilation

Changing existing mental schemas to allow the interpretation of new information

Accommodation

Expectations about the world that help us understand and interpret our environment

Cognitive Schemas

1. Sensorimotor Period 2. Preoperational Period 3. Concrete Operational Period 4. Formal Operational Period

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

Recognizing that objects continue to exist when no longer visible

Object Permanence

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem

Centration

Inability to envision an action being reversed

Irreversibility

Limited ability to share another's viewpoint

Egocentrism

Attributing human features and capabilities to inanimate objects

Animistic Thinking

Lack of knowledge that volume and amount remain constant despite change in shape or appearance

Lack of Canservation

Vygotsky, gap between what a person can achieve on their own and what can be achieved with guidance

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Amount of assistance provided to the child being adjusted as learning progresses

Scaffolding

Development of our sense of right and wrong

Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg (Theory)

Stage theory of Moral Development

1. Preconventional Level 2. Conventional Level 3. Postconventional Level

3 Levels of Moral Development

1. Punishment Orientation 2. Naive Reward Orientation 3. Good Boy/Girl Orientation 4. Authority Orientation 5. Social Contract Orientation 6. Individual Principles/Conscience Orientation

6 Stages of Moral Development

Period of Development beginning around age 13 and ending around age 22

Adolescence

Phase of reapid growth in height and weight during adolescence, occurs age 9-10 in females and age 10-12 in men

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but are not involved in reproduction

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Stage during which sexual functions reach maturity, primary sex characteristics develop

Puberty

The first occurance of menstration, usually occurs at age 12-13

Menarche

The first occurance of ejaculation, usually occurs at age 13-14

Spermarche

James Marcia (Theory)

Identity Statuses Theory

1. Identity Diffusion 2. Identity Foreclosure 3. Identity Moratorium 4. Identity Achievement

4 Identity Statuses

Jefferey Arnett (Theory)

Emerging Adulthood

Stage of development between adolescence and adulthood, marked by instability, choices, and self-focus

Emerging Adulthood