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Psych 102 > Chapter 11 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

A

Development

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2
Q

Period that extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy

A

Prenatal Period

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3
Q

First stage of prenatal development, first 2 weeks after conception

A

Germinal Stage

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4
Q

Structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass to the fetus from the mother’s bloodstream

A

Placenta

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5
Q

Second stage of prenatal development lasts from 2 weeks to about 2 months

A

Embryonic Stage

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6
Q

Age at which a baby can survive outside of the womb in the event of premature birth, occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks

A

Age of Viability

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7
Q

Third stage of prenatal development, lasts from 2 months to birth

A

Fetal Stage

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8
Q

Any external agent, such as drugs and viruses, that can harm an embryo or fetus

A

Teratogens

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9
Q

Collection of inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use of mother during pregnancy

A

FASD (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder)

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10
Q

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

A

Motor Development

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11
Q

Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

A

Maturation

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12
Q

Indications of the median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities

A

Developmental Norms

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13
Q

Characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

A

Temperament

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14
Q

Observation of one group of participants repeatedly over time

A

Longitudinal Study Design

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15
Q

Comparison of different groups of participants at varying ages at a single time

A

Cross-Sectional Study Design

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16
Q

Differences between age groups due to the groups growing up in different time periods

A

Cohort Effect

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17
Q

Easy, Slow-to-warm-up, and Difficult

A

3 Basic Types of Temperament

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18
Q

Close, emotional bonds of affection that form between infants and their caregivers

A

Attachment

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19
Q

Emotional distress seen in many infants when separated from someone they are attached to

A

Separation Anxiety

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20
Q

Mary Salter Ainsworth (Theory)

A

Patterns of Attachment

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21
Q
  1. Child and caregiver enter room
  2. Stranger enters and tries to interact with child
    3 Caregiver leaves room. Child is alone with stranger
  3. Caregiver returns, stranger leaves
A

Strange Situation Paradigm

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22
Q
  1. Secure
  2. Anxious-Ambivalent
  3. Avoidant
  4. Disorganized-Disoriented
A

4 Patterns of Attachment

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23
Q

Infant is upset when mother leaves, quickly calmed upon her return

A

Secure Attachment

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24
Q

Infant apears anxious, very upset when mother leaves, not calmed when mother returns

A

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

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25
Q

Is not upset when mother leaves, not interested when she returns

A

Avoidant Attachment

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26
Q

Infant is confused about the entire situation and unsure how to react

A

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

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27
Q

Shaver and Fraley

A

Adult Attachment Patterns

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28
Q

Person is comfortable with intimacy and autonomy, low anxiety and low avoidance

A

Secure Adult Attachment

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29
Q

Person has a sense of unworthiness, high involvement in relationships, low avoidance and high anxiety

A

Preoccupied Adult Attachment

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30
Q

Anxiety (attitude towards self) and avoidance (attitude toward others)

A

2 Dimensions of Attachment

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31
Q

Person is not interested in relationships, independent, not trusting, low anxiety, and high avoidance

A

Dismissing-Avoidant Adult Attachment

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32
Q

Wants relationships but not trusting enough for a relationship, high avoidance and high anxiety

A

Fearful-Avoidant Adult Attachment

33
Q

Diana Baumrind (Theory)

A

Parenting Styles

34
Q
  1. Uninvolved
  2. Authoritarian
  3. Permissive
  4. Authoritative
A

4 Parenting Styles

35
Q

Warmth/Responsiveness and Expectations/Control

A

2 Dimensions of Parenting

36
Q

Not much parenting at all, low W/R and low E/C

A

Uninvolved Parenting Style

37
Q

Strict rules are set and cannot be challenged, reliance on fear and punishment, low W/R and high E/C

A

Authoritarian Parenting Style

38
Q

Few rules, not much discipline, high W/R and low E/C

A

Permissive Parenting Style

39
Q

Rules are clearly established but are allowed to be challenged, high W/R and low E/C

A

Authoritative Parenting Style

40
Q

A developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established

A

Developmental Stage

41
Q

Erik Erikson (Theory)

A

8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

42
Q
  1. Trust vs Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
  3. Initiative vs Guilt
  4. Industry vs Inferiority
  5. Identity vs Confusion
  6. Intimacy vs Isolation
  7. Generativity vs Self Absorption
  8. Integrity vs Despair
A

8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

43
Q

First stage in Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust

A

Trust vs Mistrust

44
Q

Second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control. If independence is encouraged, autonomy develops

A

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

45
Q

Third stage in Erikson’s theory, Child begins to make their own decisions, assert themselves in social settings, and if encouraged, develop initiative

A

Initiative vs Guilt

46
Q

Fourth stage of Erikson’s theory in which children enter into the greater society beyond the family for the first time. If they succeed in navigating this stage, then they are able to develop a meaningful social role

A

Industry vs Inferiority

47
Q

Fifth stage of Erikson’s theory, is characterized by the adolescent question of “Who am I,” during which time they are conflicted with dozens of values and ideas of who they should be and what they should think

A

Identity vs Confusion

48
Q

Sixth stage of Erikson’s theory where young adults decide if they wish to share their life with others through meaningful relationships

A

Intimacy vs Isolation

49
Q

Seventh stage of Erikson’s theory, the decision of whether one wishes to contribute to society and the sustainability of the next generation

A

Generativity vs Self-Absorption

50
Q

Eighth stage of Erikson’s theory, individuals who reflect on their life and regret not achieving their goals will experience feelings of bitterness and despair

A

Integrity vs Despair

51
Q

Transitions in a child’s patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem-solving

A

Cognitive Development

52
Q

Jean Piaget (Theory)

A

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

53
Q

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental schemas without changing them

A

Assimilation

54
Q

Changing existing mental schemas to allow the interpretation of new information

A

Accommodation

55
Q

Expectations about the world that help us understand and interpret our environment

A

Cognitive Schemas

56
Q
  1. Sensorimotor Period
  2. Preoperational Period
  3. Concrete Operational Period
  4. Formal Operational Period
A

4 Stages of Cognitive Development

57
Q

Recognizing that objects continue to exist when no longer visible

A

Object Permanence

58
Q

Tendency to focus on only one aspect of a problem

A

Centration

59
Q

Inability to envision an action being reversed

A

Irreversibility

60
Q

Limited ability to share another’s viewpoint

A

Egocentrism

61
Q

Attributing human features and capabilities to inanimate objects

A

Animistic Thinking

62
Q

Lack of knowledge that volume and amount remain constant despite change in shape or appearance

A

Lack of Canservation

63
Q

Vygotsky, gap between what a person can achieve on their own and what can be achieved with guidance

A

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

64
Q

Amount of assistance provided to the child being adjusted as learning progresses

A

Scaffolding

65
Q

Development of our sense of right and wrong

A

Moral Development

66
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg (Theory)

A

Stage theory of Moral Development

67
Q
  1. Preconventional Level
  2. Conventional Level
  3. Postconventional Level
A

3 Levels of Moral Development

68
Q
  1. Punishment Orientation
  2. Naive Reward Orientation
  3. Good Boy/Girl Orientation
  4. Authority Orientation
  5. Social Contract Orientation
  6. Individual Principles/Conscience Orientation
A

6 Stages of Moral Development

69
Q

Period of Development beginning around age 13 and ending around age 22

A

Adolescence

70
Q

Phase of reapid growth in height and weight during adolescence, occurs age 9-10 in females and age 10-12 in men

A

Adolescent Growth Spurt

71
Q

Physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but are not involved in reproduction

A

Secondary Sex Characteristics

72
Q

Stage during which sexual functions reach maturity, primary sex characteristics develop

A

Puberty

73
Q

The first occurance of menstration, usually occurs at age 12-13

A

Menarche

74
Q

The first occurance of ejaculation, usually occurs at age 13-14

A

Spermarche

75
Q

James Marcia (Theory)

A

Identity Statuses Theory

76
Q
  1. Identity Diffusion
  2. Identity Foreclosure
  3. Identity Moratorium
  4. Identity Achievement
A

4 Identity Statuses

77
Q

Jefferey Arnett (Theory)

A

Emerging Adulthood

78
Q

Stage of development between adolescence and adulthood, marked by instability, choices, and self-focus

A

Emerging Adulthood

Psych 102 (6 decks)

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