Chapter 14 - The Brain and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

neural tube

Answer 1

brain and spine develop from the ectodermal neural tube.

Question 2

primary brain vesicles

Answer 2

constrictions in the expanded neural tube appear and form 1)prosencephalon 2)mesencephalon 3)rhombencephalon

Question 3

secondary brain vesicles

Answer 3

the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon subdivide into telencephalon and diencephalon and metencephalon and myelencephalon respectively

Question 4

major parts of the brain

Answer 4

brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

Question 5

brain stem

Answer 5

continuous with spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Question 6

diencephalon

Answer 6

consists of thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

Question 7

cerebrum

Answer 7

largest part of the brain

Question 8

cranial meninges

Answer 8

continuous with the spinal meninges, outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, inner pia mater

Question 9

dura mater

Answer 9

two layers, periosteal (external) meningeal (internal) fused together, except where they enclose dural venous sinuses.

Question 10

blood brain barrier

Answer 10

consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the endothelial cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick basement membrane that surrounds the capillaries.

Question 11

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 11

clear, colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries. It also carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia.CSF contains small amounts of glucose, pro- teins, lactic acid, urea, cations (Na􏰑, K􏰑, Ca2􏰑, Mg2􏰑), and anions (Cl– and HCO3–); it also contains some white blood cells.

Question 12

subarachnoid space

Answer 12

CSF continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space

Question 13

ventricle

Answer 13

four CSF-filled cavities within the brain

Question 14

lateral ventricles

Answer 14

one in each hemisphere of the cerebrum.

Question 15

septum pellucidum

Answer 15

a thin membrane separating lateral ventricles

Question 16

third ventricle

Answer 16

narrow slit-like cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus.

Question 17

fourth ventricle

Answer 17

lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum.

Question 18

functions of CSF

Answer 18

1) mechanical protection 2) homeostatic function 3)circulation

Question 19

choroid plexus

Answer 19

.

Question 20

blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

Answer 20

.

Question 21

circulation of CSF

Answer 21

.

Question 22

interventricular foramina

Answer 22

.

Question 23

aqueduct of the midbrain

Answer 23

.

Question 24

median aperture

Answer 24

.

Question 25

lateral apertures

Answer 25

.

Question 26

arachnoid villi

Answer 26

.

Question 27

brain stem

Answer 27

.

Question 28

medulla oblongata

Answer 28

.

Question 29

pyramids

Answer 29

.

Question 30

decussation of pyramids

Answer 30

.

Question 31

cardiovascular center

Answer 31

.

Question 32

medullary respiratory center

Answer 32

.

Question 33

pons

Answer 33

.

Question 34

pontine respiratory group

Answer 34

.

Question 35

midbrain or mesencephalon

Answer 35

.

Question 36

cerebral peduncles

Answer 36

.

Question 37

reticular formation

Answer 37

.

Question 38

reticular activatings system (RAS)

Answer 38

.

Question 39

cerebellum

Answer 39

.

Question 40

transverse fissure

Answer 40

.

Question 41

vermis

Answer 41

.

Question 42

cerebellar hemispheres

Answer 42

.

Question 43

cerebellar cortex

Answer 43

.

Question 44

folia

Answer 44

.

Question 45

arbor vitae

Answer 45

.

Question 46

cerebellar peduncles (superior, middle and inferior)

Answer 46

.

Question 47

diencephalon

Answer 47

.

Question 48

thalamus

Answer 48

.

Question 49

hypothalamus and functions

Answer 49

.

Question 50

epithalamus

Answer 50

.

Question 51

pineal gland

Answer 51

.

Question 52

circumventricular organs

Answer 52

.

Question 53

cerebrum

Answer 53

.

Question 54

cerebral cortex

Answer 54

.

Question 55

gyrus or convolution

Answer 55

.

Question 56

fissure

Answer 56

.

Question 57

sulcus

Answer 57

.

Question 58

longitudinal fissure

Answer 58

.

Question 59

cerebral hemispheres

Answer 59

.

Question 60

corpus callosum

Answer 60

.

Question 61

central sulcus

Answer 61

.

Question 62

frontal lobe

Answer 62

.

Question 63

parietal lobe

Answer 63

.

Question 64

precentral gyrus

Answer 64

.

Question 65

postcentral gyrus

Answer 65

.

Question 66

lateral cerebral sulcus

Answer 66

.

Question 67

temporal lboe

Answer 67

.

Question 68

parieto occipital sulcus

Answer 68

.

Question 69

occipital lobe

Answer 69

.

Question 70

insula

Answer 70

.

Question 71

cerebral white matter

Answer 71

.

Question 72

association tracts

Answer 72

.

Question 73

commissural tracts

Answer 73

.

Question 74

projection tracts

Answer 74

.

Question 75

basal ganglia

Answer 75

.

Question 76

limbic system

Answer 76

.

Question 77

functional organization of the cerebral cortex

Answer 77

.

Question 78

sensory areas

Answer 78

.

Question 79

primary somatosensory area

Answer 79

.

Question 80

primary visual area

Answer 80

.

Question 81

primary auditory area

Answer 81

.

Question 82

primary gustatory area

Answer 82

.

Question 83

primary olfactory area

Answer 83

.

Question 84

motor areas

Answer 84

.

Question 85

primary motor area

Answer 85

.

Question 86

broca’s speech area

Answer 86

.

Question 87

association areas

Answer 87

.

Question 88

somatosensory association area

Answer 88

.

Question 89

visual association area

Answer 89

.

Question 90

auditory association area

Answer 90

.

Question 91

wernicke’s area or posterior language area

Answer 91

.

Question 92

common integrative area

Answer 92

.

Question 93

prefrontal cortex (frontal association area)

Answer 93

.

Question 94

premotor area

Answer 94

.

Question 95

frontal eye field area

Answer 95

.

Question 96

hemispheric lateralization

Answer 96

.

Question 97

brain waves

Answer 97

.

Question 98

electroencephalogram of EEG

Answer 98

.

Question 99

alpha waves

Answer 99

.

Question 100

beta waves

Answer 100

.

Question 101

theta waves

Answer 101

.

Question 102

delta waves

Answer 102

.

Question 103

cranial nerves

Answer 103

.

Question 104

special sensory nerves

Answer 104

.

Question 105

motor nerves

Answer 105

.

Question 106

mixed nerves

Answer 106

.

Question 107

cerebrovascular accident or stroke or brain attack

Answer 107

.

Question 108

transient ischemic attack

Answer 108

.

Question 109

alzheimer disease

Answer 109

.

Question 110

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Answer 110

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