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BIOL 235 - Section 2 > Chapter 11 - The Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

origin

A

Attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone (usually proximal)

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2
Q

insertion

A

attachment of a muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone (usually distal and pulled toward origin)

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3
Q

belly (body)

A

Fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons

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4
Q

actions

A

Main movements during muscle contraction

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5
Q

reverse muscle action

A

Specific revered movements, where positions of origin and insertion are switched

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6
Q

lever system and leverage (fulcrum, effort, load/resistance)

A

Lever = rigid structure that moves around fixed point(fulcrum). Two different forces = efforts, causes movement, load/resistance opposes movement

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7
Q

first-class levers

A

Like a see-saw, produces adv or disadv depending on loads distance to fulcrum

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8
Q

second-class levers

A

wheelbarrow, always mech adv

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9
Q

third-class levers

A

forceps, always mech disadv, favours range of motion and speed over force

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10
Q

fascicles

A

Skeletal muscle fibers within a muscle are arranged in bundles called fascicles, five different patterns

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11
Q

prime mover or agonist

A

Leader contracts to cause an action

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12
Q

antagonist

A

Stretches and yields to the effects of leader

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13
Q

synergist

A

Contract and stabilized to prevent unwanted movements

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14
Q

fixator

A

Stabilize origin of the prime mover for efficiency

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15
Q

compartment

A

group of skeletal muscles, associated blood vessels, associated nerves

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16
Q

location and action of: occipitofrontalis: frontal belly and occipital belly

A

facial 7 nerve, draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows vs draws scalp posteriorly

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17
Q

location and action of: orbicularis oris

A

facial 7 nerve, closes and protrudes lips, shapes during speech

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18
Q

location and action of: zygomaticus major

A

facial 7 nerve, draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, smiling

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19
Q

location and action of: buccinator

A

facial 7 nerve, presses cheeks against teeth and lips, whistling, chewing

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20
Q

location and action of: orbicularis oculi

A

facial 7 nerve, closes eye

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21
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: masseter

A

mandibular division of trigeminal 5 nerve. Elevates mandible, closing mouth. O=maxilla and zygomatic arch. I= angle and ramus of mandible

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22
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: temporalis

A

mandibular division of trigeminal 5 nerve. Elevates and retracts mandible. O=temporal bone. I= Coronoid process and ramus of mandible.

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23
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: sternocleidomastoid

A

Accessory 11 nerve, C2, C3. Extend head, rotate head, elevate sternum. O=sternal head, manubrium of sternum, clavicular head: medial third of clavicle. I=Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital bone.

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24
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: rectus abdominis

A

Thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12. Flexes vertebral column, compresses abdomen. O= pubic crest and pubic symphysis. I=Cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process.

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25
Q

location and action of: external oblique

A

Thoracic spinal nerves T7-T12 and the iliohypogastric nerve. Bilaterally compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column, unilaterally flex vertebral column rotates

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26
Q

location and action of: internal oblique

A

Thoracic spinal nerves T8–T12, the iliohypogastric nerve, and ilioinguinal nerve.
Bilaterally compresses abdomen and flexes vertebral column, unilaterally flex vertebral column rotates

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27
Q

location and action of: transversus abdominis

A

Thoracic spinal nerves T8–T12, iliohypogastric nerve, and ilioinguinal nerve.
Compresses abdomen

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28
Q

location and action of: diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve, which contains axons from C3-C5. Flattens to increase or relaxes to decrease vertical dimension of thoracic cavity

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29
Q

location and action of: external intercostal

A

Thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12, elevates ribs or depresses ribs

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30
Q

location and action of: internal intercostal

A

Thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12, ribs together

31
Q

location and action of: pectoralis minor

A

Subclavian nerve. Depresses and moves clavicle anteriorly to stabilize pectoral girdle

32
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: trapezius

A

Accessory (XI) nerve and cervical spinal nerves C3–C5.

33
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: levator scapulae

A

Dorsal scapular nerve and cervical spinal nerves C3-C5. Elevates scapula and rotates it downward. O= transverse processes of C1-C4, Superior vertebral border of scapula.

34
Q

location and action of: rhomboid major

A

Dorsal scapular nerve. Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula.

35
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: pectoralis major

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves. Adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, flexes arm. O= clavicle, sternum, costal cart. of ribs 2-6, sometimes ribs 1-7. I= greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.

36
Q

location and action of: latissimus dorsi

A

Thoracodorsal nerve. Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly.

37
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: deltoid

A

Axillary nerve, moves shoulder joint, o= acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion of scapula, spine of scapula. I= deltoid tuberosity of humerus.

38
Q

location and action of: subscapularis

A

Upper and lower subscapular nerve. Medially rotates arm at shoulder joint.

39
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: supraspinatus

A

Suprascapular nerve. assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint. O=supraspinous fossa of scapula. I=greater tubercle of humerus.

40
Q

location and action of: infraspinatus

A

Suprascapular nerve. Laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint.

41
Q

location and action of: teres major

A

Lower subscapular nerve. Extends arm, assists in adduction and rotation at shoulder joint

42
Q

location and action of: teres minor

A

Axillary nerve. laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint.

43
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: biceps brachii

A

Musculocutaneous nerve. Flexes forearm. O=long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula. I= Radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosis.

44
Q

location and action of: brachialis

A

Musculocutaneous. Flexes forearm at elbow joint.

45
Q

location and action of: brachioradialis

A

Radial nerve. Flexes forearm at elbow joint.

46
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: triceps brachii

A

Radial nerve. extends forearm and arm.
O=Long head originates from infraglenoid tubercle, a projection inferior to glenoid cavity of scapula.
Lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface of humerus.
Medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to a groove for the radial nerve.

I=olecranon of ulna

47
Q

location and action of: pronator teres

A

median nerve. pronates forearm at radioulnar joints.

48
Q

location and action of: supinator

A

deep radial nerve. supinates forearm at radioulnar joints.

49
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: flexor carpi radialis

A

median nerve. flexes and abducts hand at wrist joint. O=medial epicondyle of humerus. I=metacarpals 2&3

50
Q

location and action of: palmaris longus

A

Median nerve, weakly flexes hand at wrist joint.

51
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Ulnar nerve. flexes and adducts hand at wrist joint. O=Medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna. I= Pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpal V.

52
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Median nerve. Flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint.
O= Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateral margin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius.
I= Middle phalanx of each finger.*

53
Q

location and action of: extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Radial nerve. Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint.

54
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: extensor digitorum

A

Radial nerve. Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint. O=Lateral epicondyle of humerus. I=Metacarpal 3.

55
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Deep radial nerve. Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint. O=Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna. I=Metacarpal 5.

56
Q

location and action of: iliocostalis group

A

Cervicis: Cervical and thoracic spinal nerves.
Thoracis: Thoracic spinal nerves.
Illiac crest: Lumbar spinal nerves.
Maintain erect posture of vertebral column.

57
Q

location and action of: scalenes

A

Anterior, middle, posterior. Cervical spinal nerves. Elevate ribs during deep inhalation, flex/slightly rotate cervical vertebrae.

58
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: iliopsoas or psoas major

A

Lumbar spinal nerves L2-L3. Psoas major and iliacus muscles flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, flex trunk on hip. O=transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae. I=With iliacus into lesser trochanter of femur.

59
Q

location and action of: iliacus

A

Femoral nerve. no action?

60
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: gluteus maximus

A

Inferior gluteal nerve. extends thigh at hip joint, laterally rotates thigh, helps lock knee. O=Iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx, aponeurosis of sacrospinalis. I=iliobtibial tract of fascia lata and superior lateral part of linea aspera under greater trochanter of femur.

61
Q

location and action of: gluteus medius

A

Superior gluteal nerve. Abducts thigh at hip joint and medially rotates thigh.

62
Q

location and action of: adductor longus

A

Obturator nerve. Adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint, rotates/extends thigh.

63
Q

location and action of: adductor magnus

A

Obturator and sciatic nerves. Adducts thigh at hip joint and rotates thigh, flexes thigh at hip joint, extends thigh.

64
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: rectus femoris

A

Femoral nerve. extend leg at knee joint, flexes thigh at hip joint. O= Anterior inferior iliac spine. I= patella via quads tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament.

65
Q

location and action of: vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius

A

Femoral nerve. extend leg at knee.

66
Q

location and action of: sartorius

A

Femoral nerve. Weakly flexes leg at knee. weakly flexes abducts and laterally rotates thigh at hip.

67
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: biceps femoris

A

Tibial and fibular nerves from sciatic nerve. Flexes leg at knee and extends at thigh. O=Long head arises from ischial tuberosity; short head arises from linea aspera of femur.
I=Long head arises from ischial tuberosity; short head arises from linea aspera of femur.

68
Q

location and action of: semitendinosus & semimembranosus

A

Tibial nerve from sciatic nerve. Flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip.

69
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: tibialis anterior

A

Deep fibular nerve. Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and inversts foot at intertarsal joints. O= Lateral condyle and body of tibia and interosseous membrane I=Metatarsal I and first (medial) cuneiform.

70
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: extensor digitorum longus

A

Deep fibular nerve. Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends distal and middle phalanges of each toe at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of each toe at metatarsophalangeal joint.
O=Dorsiflexes foot at ankle joint and extends distal and middle phalanges of each toe at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of each toe at metatarsophalangeal joint.
I=Middle and distal phalanges of toes II–V.*

71
Q

location and action of: fibularis (peroneus) longus

A

Superficial fibular nerve. Plantar flexes foot at ankle, everts foot at intertarsal joints.

72
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: gastrocnemius

A

Tibial nerve. Plantar flexes foot at ankle, and leg at knee. O= Lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee. I=Calcaneus by way of calcaneal tendon.

73
Q

location and action of: soleus

A

Tibial nerve. Plantar flexes foot at ankle.

74
Q

location, action, origins, insertion of: flexor digitorum longus

A

Tibial nerve. Plantar flexes foot at ankle joint; flexes distal and middle phalanges of toes II–V at interphalangeal joints and proximal phalanx of toes II–V at metatarsophalangeal joint.
O= Middle third of posterior surface of tibia.
I= Distal phalanges of toes II–V.

BIOL 235 - Section 2 (8 decks)

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