Chapter 14 Special Populations Flashcards

Question

Low-back Pain

Answer 1

 Chronic back pain is pain that persists for more than three months.  A number of lifestyle-related factors are associated with low-back pain (LBP):  Physical inactivity  Being overweight or obese  Poor posture and sleeping position  Stress  Smoking  Exercise is one of the cornerstones of both the prevention and treatment of LBP.

Answer 2

 Clients with LBP should avoid:  Unsupported forward flexion  Twisting at the waist with turned feet, especially when carrying a load  Lifting both legs simultaneously when in a prone or supine position  Rapid movements, such as twisting, forward flexion, or hyperextension  Clients should not be encouraged to “work through the pain.”

Answer 3

 Clients with LBP should consult with a physician and get specific recommendations for exercise.  Always maintain neutral pelvic alignment and an erect torso during any exercise movements.  Avoid head-forward positions in which the chin is tilted up.  When leaning forward or lifting or lowering an object, always bend the knees.  Avoid hyperextending the spine in an unsupported position.  Low-back exercises have the most beneficial effect when performed daily.  Diurnal variation stresses are highest in the intervertebral discs following bed rest and diminish over the subsequent few hours.  Strength gains should not be overemphasized at the expense of endurance.  There is no such thing as an ideal set of exercises for all individuals.  Increased function and pain reduction may not occur for three months.

Answer 4

 The following exercises will:  Spare the spine  Enhance the muscle challenge  Enhance the motor control system  This ensures that spine stability is maintained in all other activities  These are examples of exercises that challenge the muscles of the torso

Answer 5

Spine flexion- extension cycles Intended as a motion exercise not a stretch 5-8 cycles have shown to bes ufficient to reducemost viscous- frictional stresses

Answer 6

 Hands or a rolled towel are placed under the lumbar spine to preserve a neutral spine posture.  One knee is flexed but the other leg is straight to lock the pelvis- lumbar spine and minimize loss of neutral lumbar posture

Answer 7

Consists of leg extensions and the “birddog” The isometric holds should last only 7-8 seconds

Answer 8

 Targets the lateral muscles of the torso  Beginner level of this involves keeping knees on ground  Keep a neutral neck and spine position when performing exercise

Answer 9

 Lifestyle habits and cultural changes contribute to weight gain and obesity, including:  Overeating through increased caloric intake  The proliferation of microwaveable and ready-to-eat high-fat foods  Less in-home cooking and eating out and on-the-go more often  Marketing that entices people to choose foods that are higher in calories and fat  Low levels of physical activity  Excessive amounts of time spent doing sedentary activities

Answer 10

 Obesity is defined as an excessive amount of adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass.  Most common way to measure BMI  BMI=weight (kg)/height2(m)  BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 are considered overweight  BMI of \>30.0 kg/m2 are considered obese  \*Slight controversy with BMI\*

Answer 11

should accumulate more than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise each week.

Answer 12

 Regular physical activity is essential for older adults who wish to maintain independence and quality of life.  The following areas are affected by aging and should be considered when programming for this population:  Cardiovascular system  Musculoskeletal system  Sensory systems  Mental health  At least twice each week, older adults should perform muscle- strengthening and flexibility activities.  Older adults at risk for falling should perform exercises that maintain or improve balance.

Answer 13

 Regular physical activity in children and adolescents is essential to promote health and fitness.  The primary exercise activities for youth are aerobic conditioning, muscle strengthening, and bone strengthening.

Answer 14

 The following guidelines help decrease the risk of injury from exercise training in youth:  Obtain medical clearance or instructions regarding physical needs.  Children should be properly supervised and use proper exercise technique at all times.  Do not allow children to exercise unless the weight-training facility is safe for them.  Never have children perform single maximal lifts.  Teach children how to breathe properly during exercise movements.  Never allow children to use any equipment that is broken or damaged, or that they do not fit on properly.  Children should rest for approximately one to two minutes between each exercise.  Children should have scheduled rest days between each training day.  Tell children that they need to communicate when they feel tired or fatigued, or when they have been injured.

Answer 15

 Reduce the intensity of exercise when it is very hot, humid, or sunny.  Cancel activity or move indoors to an air conditioned environment during periods of very hot and especially humid conditions.  Maintain hydration  To prevent hyponatremia, replace both lost water and salt.  Encourage frequent breaks/rest periods in the shade, and have children drink fluids during these breaks.  Encourage lightweight, light-colored, loose-fitting clothing, as well as the use of sunscreen.

Answer 16

 Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period:  Reduces the risk of preeclampsia  Treats or prevents gestational diabetes  Helps manage or alleviate pregnancy-related musculoskeletal issues  Positively affects mood and mental health  Is safe and does not harm offspring health or development  Pregnant women with the following health conditions should not exercise:  Risk factors for pre-term labor  Vaginal bleeding  Premature rupture of membranes

Answer 17

 Do not begin a vigorous exercise program shortly before or during pregnancy.  Women who have been previously active may continue their exercise programs, as tolerated.  Women who have not previously been active may need to begin slowly and perform intermittent exercise.  Gradually reduce the volume of exercise during the second and third trimesters.  Use the RPE scale rather than heart rate to monitor exercise intensity.  Avoid prolonged exercise in the supine position after the first trimester.

Answer 18

 Avoid long periods of standing and instead keep moving or sit and rest.  Exercise should be avoided when the temperature and/or humidity is high.  Body temperature should not exceed 100° F (38° C).  Focus on proper fluid intake.  Utilize extended warm-up and cool-down periods and incorporate some stretching.  Wear supportive shoes and undergarments.  Eat a small snack prior to exercise.

Answer 19

 Activities that require extensive jumping, hopping, skipping, bouncing, or running  Deep knee bends, full sit-ups, double-leg raises, and straight-leg toe touches  Contact sports such as softball, football, basketball, and volleyball  Bouncing while stretching  Activities where falling is likely

Answer 20

 After delivery, women should adhere to the following general guidelines:  Obtain physician clearance and guidelines prior to resuming or starting an exercise program.  Begin slowly, and gradually increase duration and then intensity.  Start with walking several times per week.  Avoid excessive fatigue and dehydration.  Wear a supportive bra.  Stop the exercise session if unusual pain is experienced.  Stop the exercise session and seek medical evaluation if bright red vaginal bleeding occurs that is heavier than a normal menstrual period.  Drink plenty of water and eat appropriately

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Chapter 14 Special Populations Flashcards

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