Chapter 14- Psychological Disorders Flashcards
medical model
the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures
DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)
a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicated how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
comorbidity
the co-occurance of two or more psychological disorders
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
anxiety disorder
the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
generalized anxiety disorder
a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompianied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
phobic disorder
disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
specific phobia
a disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function
social phobia
a disorder that involved an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
preparedness theory
the idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
panic disorder
a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
agoraphobia
an extreme fear of venturing into public places
obsessive- compulsive disorder
a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thought (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere with an individual’s functioning
mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
major depressive disorder
a disorder characterized by a severely depressed modd that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep or appetite disturbance
dysthymia
a disorder that involves the same symptoms of depression only less severe but the symptoms last longer persisting for at least 2 years
double depression
a moderately depressed mood that persist for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
depression that involved recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
helplessness theory
the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault, stable (i.e., unlikely to change), and global (i.e., widespread)
bipolar disorder
an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
dissociative disorder
a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that are at different times take control of the individual’s behavior
dissociative amnesia
the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information
dissociative fugue
the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity
schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted percception of reality, altered or blunted emotions, and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
delusion
a patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
hallucination
a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
disorganized speech
a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
grossly disorganized behavior
behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
catatonic behavior
a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
negative symptoms
emotional and social withdrawal. apathy, poverty of speech, and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion
dopamine hypothesis
the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
personality disorder
disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
antisocial personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
mental illness
physical illness that drastically impairs normal thought or feeling
stress present + diathesis present
physically ill
stress present + diathesis absent
healthy
stress absent + diathesis present
healthy but vulnerable
stress absent + diathesis absent
healthy
disorders (high arousal, positive)
mania
disorders (high arousal, negative)
GAD, panic disorder, phobia, OCD, PTSD)
disorders (low arousal, negative)
depression
side effects of panic disorder
labored breathing, heart palpitations, nausea, chest pain, choking, dizziness, sweating, trembling, sense of doom and terror, depersonalization, derealization
OCD obsessions and compulsion examples
obsessions: (contamination, violent and disturbing images, intrusive sexual thoughts and fantasies). compulsions: (repeated hand washing, putting things in order, checking, very frequent praying that interferes with life, counting, repeating words silently)
symptoms of depression
(sad most of day, nearly all day), loss of interest in normal pleasures, sleep difficulty, shift in activity level (up or down), shift in appetite and weight, fatigue and lack of energy, negative self-concept, difficulty concentrating or deciding, morbid or suicidal ideation
symptoms of bipolar/mania
hypersexuality, talkativeness and rapid speech flight of ideas, racing thoughts, insomnia, inflated self esteem (special powers and insights), distractibility, excessive hedonism
+(only present in these patients) symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, inappropriate affect
types of delusions in schizophrenia patients
grandeur (i can do anything), persecution (everyone is out to get me), and external agency (i am being controlled by others)
types of hallucinations in schizophrenia patients
narration and criticism and argument
- (lacking) symptoms of schizophrenia
lack of motivation, social engagement, speech , concentration, affect, movement (in some cases)
causes of schizophrenia
diathesis (heritability, biological markers of vulnerability, prenatal trauma), and stress (poverty, family dynamics
feeling disorders vs. thought disorders
feeling disorders are exaggerations of normal feeling and are relatively common. thought disorders are unrelated to normal thinking and are relatively rare
